Midterm Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
La Serva Pardrona
A
Giovanni Battista Pergolesi in 1733
2
Q
Cleofide
A
Johann Adolph Hasse in 1731
3
Q
Orfeo Ed Euridice
A
Christoph Gluck in 1762
4
Q
Sinfonia in E-flat
A
Johann Stamitz in 1755
5
Q
Sonata in A Major
A
CPE Bach in 1765
6
Q
The Joke Quartet Fourth Movement
A
Joseph Haydn 1781
7
Q
Jupiter Symphony
A
Wolfgang Mozart 1788
8
Q
Don Giovanni Act 1 Scene 1
A
Wolfgang Mozart 1787
9
Q
The French term _________, meaning modern, chic, smooth, and sophisticated, came to describe the new style of music in the eighteenth century.
A
Galant
10
Q
The left hand in the musical example below shows the technique known as ________.
Screen Shot 2022-09-09 at 5.19.24 PM.png
A
Alberti Bass
11
Q
The galant style became popular for all of the following reasons except:
A
It focused on Counterpoint
12
Q
True/False Opera seria plots often focus on human conflicts resolved by magnanimous deeds.
A
True
13
Q
Opéra comique and ballad opera use _______ rather than ______.
A
Spoken Dialogue, Recitative
14
Q
True/False New perspectives on human psychology and emotions influenced musical material in the early 1700s.
A
True
15
Q
Which eighteenth-century musical technique is a reaction against the complexity of Baroque music?
A
melodies in short phrases over spare accompaniment
16
Q
Which is a quality one would expect to hear in Classic-period music?
A
contrasting moods in a movement
17
Q
True/False 18th-century writers believed that music should appeal first and foremost to sophisticated listeners.
A
False
18
Q
If you were to attend a dramatic performance at a public theater in the early 1700s that was sung throughout, had six or more singing characters, and had a contemporary plot centered around ordinary people, it would be an
A
Opera Buffa
19
Q
____________ is one of the most famous and successful intermezzi.
A
La Serva Pardona
20
Q
Why were serious plots more common in the opéra comique in France in the later part of the eighteenth century?
A
They touched on social issues that arose during the years before and during the French Revolution.
21
Q
If you were to hear an aria from a ballad opera, it probably would
A
use a familiar tune from a folk or popular song.
22
Q
What is one reason that Singspiel became an important genre in Germany?
A
German playwrights translated and adapted English ballad operas into German.
23
Q
In an opera seria, action progresses through
A
recitative, either simple or accompanied.
24
Q
True/False Published music for keyboard, chamber ensemble, or voice and keyboard was often performed by amateurs in domestic settings.
A
True
25
The intellectual movement known as the _______ was based on themes of reason, nature, and progress. Its fundamental aim was the betterment of human life.
Enlightenment
26
What was one economic change in the eighteenth century?
The urban middle class rose in numbers.
27
True/False Italian comic opera strongly influenced the new musical style of the eighteenth century.
True
28
According to the text, what was the primary aim of instrumental music in the early Classic period?
to appeal to a wide variety of performers and audiences
29
True/False Mid-eighteenth-century orchestras gave woodwinds important solo parts.
False
30
What was the most common keyboard genre in the early Classic period?
The Sonata
31
Who was the first person to outline a plan for what is now called sonata form?
Heinrich Christoph Koch
32
Which of these is not a way in which Giovanni Battista Sammartini's Symphony in F Major is typical of early symphonies?
It was premiered at a salon party.
33
How does the first movement of Johann Stamitz's Sinfonia in E-flat Major differ from the standard sonata or expanded binary form?
There are no sectional repeats.
34
True/False Stamitz was one of the first composers to write a contrasting theme after the transition in an expanded binary form.
True
35
Who was the first composer to consistently write symphonies with four movements?
Johann Stamitz
36
What is the most common formal structure in the first movement of a sonata by Domenico Scarlatti?
balanced binary
37
Where did Domenico Scarlatti spend most of his working life?
Iberian peninsula (Portugal and Spain)
38
Which feature distinguishes Scarlatti's keyboard sonatas?
He uses extremely diverse figuration
39
Operatic reformers brought together what two national traditions? (Select two answers.)
Italian, French
40
Which of the following is not true of reform opera?
Composers used accompanied recitative and ensembles less frequently.
41
The preface to the score of _______ explains the goals of operatic reformers in the mid-1700s.
Alceste by Gluck
42
The musical example shown here demonstrates that Johann Adolf Hasse
Screen Shot 2022-09-21 at 4.14.24 PM.png
wrote elegant melodies that allow singers to add a variety of ornaments.
43
Match each item to the person with whom it is most closely associated.
sonata form as expanded binary form
Mannheim crescendo
paired sonata
reform opera
Heinrich Christoph Koch
Johann Stamitz
Domenico Scarlatti
Christoph Willibald Gluck
44
What is the foundational tonal paradigm for Classic-era music?
I-V-I
45
All of the following composers are primarily associated with symphonies except
Domenico Scarlatti.
46
True/False Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the most vehement voices arguing against including elements of Italian opera in French opera.
False
47
The following are all typical of the galant style except
abrupt harmonic shifts.
48
Joseph Haydn spent much of his career
working for a single noble family.
49
True/False Fragmentation, counterpoint, digressions, and silences are common in Haydn's development sections.
True
50
True/False Haydn almost always makes the onset of the recapitulation obvious so that listeners can readily follow the form.
False
51
Why is the Esterházy family important for Classic-era music?
They provided Haydn with job stability and skilled musicians.
52
In what style is this excerpt?
score excerpt.png
empfindsam
53
True/False Haydn and Mozart admired and influenced each other.
True
54
In the mid-1700s, the first movement of a concerto combines _______ form and _______ form. (Select the appropriate answers.)
ritornello, sonata or expanded binary
55
True/False Soloists improvised their own cadenzas in the eighteenth century.
True
56
All of the following composers are primarily associated with symphonies except
Johann Christian Bach.
57
True/False In Classic-era music, contrasts of stability and instability help listeners follow the form.
True
58
Which of the following is not a characteristic of empfindsam style?
regular phrases
59
True/False Johann Christian Bach influenced Mozart.
True
60
You are listening to a piano concerto by J.C. Bach. You have just heard the soloist play a virtuosic section without any accompaniment from the orchestra. The soloist has just started a trill on what seems to be the dominant. What do you expect to hear next?
The last orchestral ritornello
61
The Sturm und Drang style was the primary source for what aspect of Haydn's music?
heightened agitated sentiment and abrupt dynamics
62
Why has Haydn been called "the father of the symphony"?
He set standards and patterns that later composers emulated.
63
The second movement of a Haydn symphony
is gentler and slower than the first.
64
What term refers to 18th-century pianos in order to distinguish them from their later counterparts?
fortepianos
65
Which composer was known for writing in the empfindsam style?
C.P.E. Bach
66
What was C.P.E. Bach's favorite keyboard instrument?
clavichord
67
"Is there an artist of the present day
Untaught by thee to think, as well as play?"
Charles Burney's poem refers to what aspects of Haydn's musical style?
his ability to write sophisticated music, but also be witty and humorous
68
True/False Haydn, unlike most of his contemporaries, did not write an opera.
False
69
Mozart's music was influenced by studying and re-orchestrating music by which two Baroque composers?
J.S. Bach and Handel
70
True/False One could easily dance to most of the minuets in Haydn's string quartets.
False
71
All of the following are characteristic of the first movements in Mozart's piano concertos except:
The development section is usually lyrical and relaxed.
72
Mozart wrote three operas with which librettist?
Lorenzo da Ponte
73
How did geography and politics contribute to Vienna becoming a cultural center for music? (Select the two correct answers.)
It was an imperial capital where musicians and artists from various areas worked
Its central location in Europe made Vienna a crossroads between four musical nations: Germany, Bohemia (the Czech Republic), Italy, and Hungary
74
True/False The Requiem is one of the last works that Mozart completed.
False
75
In the 1700s, symphonies were typically performed by ________ for an audience, while string quartets and keyboard sonatas were for _______ to play at home.
Professionals, Amateurs
76
"There are passages here and there from which connoisseurs alone can derive satisfaction; but these passages are written in such a way that the less learned cannot fail to be pleased, though without knowing why." Mozart's letter about his piano concertos reflects that successful composers during the Classic era tried to do what?
They tried to please both sophisticated and less sophisticated listeners and appeal to a wide range of audience members
77
Scherzo refers to a
joking fast movement.
78
True/False Mozart's travels as a youth were important because they allowed him to absorb and later synthesize every kind of music being written in western Europe.
True
79
Johann Joseph Fux's Gradus ad Parnassum was the primary source for what aspect of Mozart's Jupiter Symphony?
counterpoint
80
The string quartet is often compared to a
conversation among instruments.
81
When Mozart moved to Vienna, he earned money by doing all of the following except:
performing as a singer.
82
All of the following are true of public concerts in the 18th century except:
Composers', not performers', names were listed in ads and programs.
83
The middle movements of Mozart's piano concertos
reflect his experience as an opera composer.
84
In the 1700s, the Concert spirituel was a
concert series that fostered the development of the symphony.
85
Eighteenth-century philosophers argued that the sublime in music produces
awe and astonishment.
86
All of the following are aspects of Haydn's musical style except
unconventional formal structures.
87
9. Pathétique Sonata
Ludwig Van Beethoven in 1799
88
10. Eroica Symphony
Ludwig Van Beethoven in 1803
89
11. String Quartet in A minor
Ludwig Van Beethoven in 1825
90
1. What were the aims of Enlightenment thinkers, and how did the movement manifest itself in 18th-century music?
asking why we’re doing things, and how we
can do better
Aim: the betterment of human life
Wanted to end the religious and political conflicts of the last century
Emphasized reason and science as the way to better people’s lives
Leading thinkers (the French philosophes) were interested in social
reforms, class disparity, human rights, “good sense”
Enlightenment advocated for “common sense” and reason, but also
emphasized the importance of feeling
Sentiment, or feeling, is just as important (or more important) than
reason to find truth
91
2. What are two ways of understanding sonata form in the 18th century, and how are they related?
* Baroque: means (literally) something that’s played (a work for a group of small instruments)
both had more than one movements
* Changed meaning in. Classical period
* 18th-century form:
* Expanded binary form
* Most common opening gambit for the first movement (hence “first-movement
form”)
* Works like a speech: ideas presented in short phrases, easy to understand
* First section has one main period, second section has two, and often restates
earlier material for emphasis and closure
92
3. Where and how did Haydn develop his compositional skills?
Easy living situations in Vienna
* Haydn established the symphony as a genre for posterity in two ways:
1. He created an unusually large and impressive body of works that
became the object of widespread emulation
2. By taking the genre out of the aristocratic salon and into the public sphere, he enlarged its dimensions and cultural significance
Haydn worked for Prince Paul Anton Esterházy and his brother
The Esterházy family also maintained a large musical establishment, two theaters, two concert rooms
Haydn was hired to be the Kappellmeister, the master of the chapel
The prince didn’t interfere with Haydn very much, admired his music, and
gave Haydn plenty of resources from which to draw
93
4. What are the characteristics of Beethoven’s late style? (A complete answer will include dates, descriptions of the style in general, and the title of one of his late works.)
* Third period
* 1816-1827 (death)
* Introverted, reflective, introspective
* Major works include: last piano sonatas
* Diabelli Variations
* Missa solemnis
* Ninth Symphony
* Last string quartets
Focused on piano sonatas, variation set for piano (Diabelli ) string
quartets
* Concentrated, abstract
* With extreme contrasts, continuity, unconventional forms, new sounds, imitation
and fugue
* Concentrated:
* Development and variation of themes (not just in Diabelli but in lots of other late-
period works as well)
* Continuity:
* Burred divisions of phrases, vast feeling, no breaks between movements
* Form:
* Unusual number and arrangements of movements
* New sonorities:
* Unusual intervals, extended techniques
* Beethoven prioritized his own vision over the audience or performers
94
5. Describe the development of the symphony as a genre. (A complete answer will include what genre it developed from, its country of origin, its form at various stages of its history, and associated composers.)
* With a couple exceptions, Haydn’s earliest symphonies are 3-movement works
on the older sinfonia (Italian opera overture) model
* The exceptions are what would become the norm: the 4-movement style
pioneered by Stamitz, and the enduring popularity of Haydn’s works in that
format helped make the structure stick
* 1768-1772: serious symphonies, Sturm und Drang characteristics
* 1773-ca. 1780: more cheerful, influenced by comic operas, appealing
to audiences while also impressive/ambitious
* 1780s: Haydn composed more for the public, selling his symphonies
to patrons and publishers
* 1785-86: Paris symphonies; originally performed for aristocrats, and later part of
a public concert series
* 1790s: London symphonies (Nos. 93-104); crowning achievement
Other composers Mozart, and Beethoven
Symphonies emerged from Italy's Neopolitan School, founded by Alessandro Scarlatti, as overtures for operas around the 1700s. The word "symphony" comes from sinfonia: derived from the Greek syn meaning "together"
