Midterm 6 Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
Which of the learning processes listed below was extensively studied in Aplysia depilans?
habituation
associative learning
kinestesy
imprinting
A
habituation
2
Q
Which statement is true for the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?
the first switching over takes place in the thalamus
it is identical with the Gowers’ pathway
the pathway bypasses the Clarke nucleus
its third neuron is in cerebellum
A
its third neuron is in cerebellum
3
Q
Which of the following statements describe best the trichromatic (Young-Maxwell- Helmholtz) theory of color vision?
the trichromatic vision accomplish the sensation of the white, the black and the colored parts of pictures
the cones and rods together are sensitive to three different light wave specifically
the sensation of any color can be produced by sensing green, red and yellow colors
the sensation of any color can be produced by sensing green, red and blue colors
A
the sensation of any color can be produced by sensing green, red and blue colors
4
Q
What is the function of the Ebner’s serous glands located in bottom of foliate and circumvallate buds?
fast wash out of chemical substances
increasing of sweet taste sensation
increasing of sour taste sensation
it provides the pH necessary for taste sensation
A
fast wash out of chemical substances
5
Q
Which statement is correct regarding to the parasympathetic postganglionic transmission?
muscarinic acetylcholine receptors play a major role in it
NPY is also released in it as a cotransmitter
it has only stimulatory effect
ATP can play a role in it as a neurotransmitter
A
muscarinic acetylcholine receptors play a major role in it
6
Q
Which statement is correct regarding to the morphology of the autonomic nervous system?
rami communicantes grisei contains postganglionic fibers
rami communicantes albi contains postganglionic fibers
transmission occurs only in the truncus sympathicus
transmission occurs mainly in the wall of the innervated organs
A
rami communicantes grisei contains postganglionic fibers
7
Q
Which of the following statements is characteristic of the hyperopia?
the parallel rays of light brought to a focus in front of the retina
the parallel rays of light brought to a focus behind the retina
some of the refractory surfaces has more refractory power
the diameter of the eyeball is longer then the normal
A
the parallel rays of light brought to a focus behind the retina
8
Q
What is the role of the Renshaw cells in the spinal chord in the course of myotatic reflex?
inhibitory cells blunting the strong afferent effects
they facilitate the function of the gamma loop
they inhibit the motor neurones of contralateral flexors
they transmit the effects of the vestibulospinal pathways
A
inhibitory cells blunting the strong afferent effects
9
Q
What is the role of the periglomerular cells of the bulbus olfactorius?
they make connection between the olfactory epithelium and the bulbus
they give some fibers from the bulbus to the limbic cortex
they make connection between the neighbouring glomeruli
they nourish the sensory cells of the olfactory epithelium as supporting cells
A
they make connection between the neighbouring glomeruli
10
Q
Which of the following phenomenona is not the result of decortication?
the inability for independent food intake
cessation of reaction to pain
the inability for recognition of the owner
cessation of emotions like happiness and fear
A
cessation of reaction to pain
11
Q
Which are the most important among the following pairs in determining the extent of an ionic current?
the equilibrium potential of the ion and the membrane potential
the electrochemical potential gradient and the permeability of the given ion
IC and EC concentration of the ion
ratio of leak and voltage-dependent channels of the given ion
A
the electrochemical potential gradient and the permeability of the given ion
12
Q
Where does the auditory cortex send efferentation to?
directly to the organ of Corti
directly to the cerebellum
directly to the oliva
indirectly to the hair cells and the muscles of the auditory ossicles
A
indirectly to the hair cells and the muscles of the auditory ossicles
13
Q
Which statement is correct regarding to the molecular explanation of hippocampal mid- term learning?
acetylcholine is released presynaptically
calcium channels are inhibited in the presynaptic terminal
the NMDA receptors are released from the inhibitory effect of magnesium
serotoninergic facilitation takes place
A
the NMDA receptors are released from the inhibitory effect of magnesium
14
Q
Which nerve provides afferent fibers to the taste buds of the basis of the tongue?
n. facialis (VII.)
n. vagus (X.)
n. trigeminus (V.)
n. hypoglossus (XII.)
A
n. vagus (X.)
15
Q
How much is the electrochemical potential gradient of potassium in excitable tissues?
- 9 mV
+ 25 mV - 25 mV
- 58 mV
A
- 9 mV
16
Q
What is the Mariotte’s experiment used for?
for examination of refracting parts of the eye
for demonstration of the presence of the blind spot
for measuring the intraocular pressure
for determination of the refracting power of the lens
A
for demonstration of the presence of the blind spo
17
Q
Which statement is true for the lingual nerve?
it mediates only mechanical stimuli
it bypasses ganglion geniculi
it provides nerve fibers to the back part of the tongue
it provides nerve fibers to the tip of the tongue
A
it provides nerve fibers to the tip of the tongue
18
Q
Which of the following factors is the most important according to the up-to-date explanation of inverse myotatic reflex?
the Golgi’s tendon receptors
the cortical modulation
the deep type III receptors during active physical work of the muscle
the sudden passive tension of the muscle
A
the deep type III receptors during active physical work of the muscle
19
Q
Which part of the brain does not belong to the central part of the autonomic nervous system?
frontal and parietal association cortex
limbic system
vestibulocerebellum
hypothalamus
A
vestibulocerebellum
20
Q
Which is true for the cortical sensory areas?
the secondary sensory area can be found in the postcentral gyrus
by removal the localization of the pain does not change
the main function of them is to establish the emotional aspects of pain
the postcentral gyrus is the main center of the tactile, mechanical and thermal sensation as the primary sensory area
A
the postcentral gyrus is the main center of the tactile, mechanical and thermal sensation as the primary sensory area
22
Q
Which statement is true for the lateral spinothalamic tract?
its second neuron is in the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi
It conducts unconscious informations
the axon of the third neuron does not leave the thalamus
it bypasses the Lissauer bundle
A
its second neuron is in the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi
23
Q
Which of the followings is an exteroceptive reflex also used in the clinical practice? withers reflex patella reflex frontal carpus reflex the dorsal reflex bellow hock
A
withers reflex
24
Q
Which of the following behaviors belongs to the group of instincts?
distance-keeping
reproductive behavior
modal action series
play
A
modal action series
25
Q
Which statement is true for the basilar membrane of the inner ear?
the high frequency sounds near the helicotrema
the high frequency sounds are captured near the base of the cochlea
it works as a frequency analyser
by contacting the hair cells it is able to move their stereocilia directly
A
it works as a frequency analyser
26
Which symptom takes place in Parkinson disease?
thalamocortical activity decreases
dopamine production is ceased in the substantia nigra
pallidum activity decreases
the brain stem is under increased inhibition
dopamine production is ceased in the substantia nigra
27
Which of the following features is the most typical of positron emission tomography (PET)?
it creates images of the brain with the help of X-rays
its resolution is higher than images based on NMR
the velocity of metabolic processes in the brain can be demonstrated by this method
the electronic activity of the brain can be measured by this method
the velocity of metabolic processes in the brain can be demonstrated by this method
29
Which transection leads to decebrate rigidity?
below vestibular ganglia
between nucleus ruber and nucleus Deiters
under the nucleus of the phrenical nerve
over the ruber nucleus
between nucleus ruber and nucleus Deiters
29
What is true for the cerebellar module ?
afferentation reaches the module bypassing the cerebellar nuclei
mossy fibers reach directly the Purkinje cells from the olive
climbing fibers synaptize on the granular cells
it has three inhibitory neurons: Pukinje cells,stellar cells and basket cells
it has three inhibitory neurons: Pukinje cells,stellar cells and basket cells
30
Which behaviour belongs to the so called "signalling" behaviour group?
distance keeping
reproductive behavior
exploration
game
distance keeping
31
Which statement is true for the propagation of action potential?
TTX-sensitive sodium channels can only be found at the nodes of Ranvier along the myelinated fibre
between the nodes the resistance is low
between the nodes the capacity is very high
in the nodes of Ranvier the response propagates with a decrement
TTX-sensitive sodium channels can only be found at the nodes of Ranvier along the myelinated fibre
32
What is the consequence of the movement of tectorial membrane forcing the stereocilia toward the kinocilium?
potassium efflux into the endolymph
calcium efflux into the perilymph
oscillating membrane potential
decrease of the glutamate release
oscillating membrane potential
33
What is the reaction of an on- center ganglion cell to a ray of light projected onto the whole receptive field?
decreased AP frequency
unchanged AP frequency
increased AP frequency
the AP discharge is terminated
increased AP frequency
34
Which statement is correct related to the sympathetic postganglionic transmission?
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor dominates in it
acethylcholine release never happens
95% of the cases is due to epinephrine release
ATP can play a role in it as a neurotransmitter
ATP can play a role in it as a neurotransmitter
35
What is characteristic of the so-called DHP (dihydropyridine) sensitive calcium channel of the skeletal muscle?
it is located on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
it activates the ryanodine sensitive calcium channel as a voltage sensor
it carries calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
it opens upon chemical stimulus
it activates the ryanodine sensitive calcium channel as a voltage sensor
36
Which of the following features is the most typical of nuclear magnetic resonance (MRI or NMR) examination?
it creates images of the brain with the help of X-rays
it reveals hormone- receptor interactions in the brain
the velocity of metabolic processes in the brain can be demonstrated by this method
its resolution is the highest among the in vivo brain imaging methods therefore it gives the most exact "living-anatomy" image about the brain
its resolution is the highest among the in vivo brain imaging methods therefore it gives the most exact "living-anatomy" image about the brain
37
What is the role of the so-called "oval" neurons in the oliva?
they code the frequency
they inhibit the activity of the "bushy" cells of the spiral ganglion
they blunt the effect of the rise of sound intensity
they represent the first elements of the bilateral sound intensity comparison in the auditory pathway
they represent the first elements of the bilateral sound intensity comparison in the auditory pathway
38
Which postural reflex is initiated during dropping a cat turned upside down?
tonic reflex
statocinetic reflex
stepping out reflex
erecting reflex
erecting reflex
41
What is not characteristic of the olfaction?
the ability to localize stimuli is lower than that of other perceptions
it is adapting slowly
there are some substances of attomol/l concentration that can produce stimulus
it has a large differentiating threshold
it is adapting slowly
42
What is the horopter?
it means the sphere what is covered by monocular vision
it means the sphere what is covered by binocular vision
it means the whole visual field
it means the place of points in the space which are projected to corresponding retinal points
it means the place of points in the space which are projected to corresponding retinal points
43
Which statement is true for the optical tract?
the fibers of the lateral bundle terminate mostly at the praetectal area
the lateral bundle is much smaller in diameter than the medial
the greater part of the medial bundle terminate at the geniculate body
the greater part of medial bundle terminates at the superior colliculis
the greater part of medial bundle terminates at the superior colliculis
44
What percentage of the pyramidal tract is crossed over in the pyramidum?
about one third of it
100 %
about half of it
80 %
80%
46
Which statement is correct?
the dark current leads to the release of serotonin
in darkness the cones and rods produce significant amount of glutamate
the cones respond to light by increased release of glutamate
the cones and the rods release different transmitter
in darkness the cones and rods produce significant amount of glutamate
47
Which of the following reflexes - also used in the clinical practice - is proprioceptive?
scrotum reflex
plantar reflex
whither reflex
plantar reflex
plantar reflex
49
Which statement is correct about the structure of the macula lutea?
in the macula only red and green light sensitive cones can be found
the macula is thicker then other areas of retina, because this is the place where the visual acuity is the greatest
the layer of ganglion cells is thickest in the macula
the macula is placed nasally from the optic disk
in the macula only red and green light sensitive cones can be found
50
Which kind of vision is characteristic of the predators?
monocular
binocular
wide visual field
decreased ability to colour vision
binocular
51
What is the maximal angle of the eye movement of which most mammals are capable without head movement while tracking an object?
25 degree
35 degree
15 degree
5 degree
15 degree
52
Which statement is true for the basilar membrane of the inner ear?
its width decreases gradually towards the helicotrema
its width increases 5- times towards the helicotrema
its width is about 500 micrometers at the base of the cochlea
it forms the the upper border the organ of Corti
its width increases 5- times towards the helicotrema
53
Which type of ionic channel has a main role in the formation of the action potential?
leak potassium channel
voltage-dependent sodium channel
leak sodium channel
voltage-dependent potassium channel
voltage-dependent sodium channel
54
Which statement is true for the pathway of fine tactile sensation of the skin (Goll - Burdach)?
the first switching over takes place in the thalamus
it is constituted of four neurons
the first switching over takes place in the medulla oblongata
the first neuron is typically bipolar
the first switching over takes place in the medulla oblongata
57
What is true for the lateral geniculate body?
it gets only afferentation from the optical nerve
this area is the center of the saccadical eye movements
this filters a part of the retinal information going to higher centers
the parvocellular part of it gets informations from the retinal M-cells
this filters a part of the retinal information going to higher centers
58
What does the concept of "ocular dominance" mean?
it means the organization of the information originating from the ipsilateral and contralateral eyes
it means the priority of visual sensation over audial sensations
it means the organisation of the basic shape recogniton forms in the visual cortex
it means the organisation of representation of opposite colour pairs in the visual cortex
it means the organization of the information originating from the ipsilateral and contralateral eyes
59
What is the internationally accepted term for unmyelinated, naked nerve fibers?
Erlanger-Gasser type Alpha Group
Lloyd-Hunt Type Group IV
Erlanger-Gasser Type A-gamma Group
Lloyd-Hunt Type Group I.
Lloyd-Hunt Type Group IV
60
Which statement is correct?
in darkness the cones hyperpolarize
light produces hyperpolarization lasting for about 100 msec
in darkness the phosphodiesterase enzyme of the outer segment of cones is inactive
in darkness the rods depolarize
in darkness the rods depolarize
62
Which statement is true for the dorsal (superior) colliculus?
here happens the integration of pupillary dilation
this area is the center of the saccadical eye movements
this area gets informations from the vestibular nucleus
here happens the decoding of the properties of the appercipiated object
this area is the center of the saccadical eye movements
63
Which statement is characteristic of the electric synapses consisting of gap junctions?
they consist of three connexin peptides
they are characterized by slow conduction
they conduct in both directions, sometimes they rectify
they made up of six pairs of connexin peptides
they conduct in both directions, sometimes they rectify
63
Which of the following receptors have free nerve endings?
the pacinian corpuscle
the pain- and temperature sensing exteroceptors
the Krause corpuscle
the Merkel cell ending
the pain- and temperature sensing exteroceptors
64
How much is the average resting potential in excitable tissues?
- 75 mV
+ 25 mV
- 25 mV
- 100 mV
- 75 mV
65
Which of the followings belongs to the so-called Sherrington`s "final common pathway" of the motor systems?
to the upper motor system ( UMS )
to the lower motor system ( LMS)
to the motor planning system
to the brain stem motor center
to the lower motor system ( LMS)
66
What does the "protective inhibition" mean in the Pavlov experiments?
multiple conditional reflexes inhibit each other
it is elicited by painful conditional reflex
too frequent application of neutral stimulus inhibit the formation of the conditional reflex
the preformed conditional reflex is blocked if an extreme strong stimulus is applied later
the preformed conditional reflex is blocked if an extreme strong stimulus is applied later
67
What kind of lens is able to correct the myopia?
convex lens
cylindric lens
concave lens
biconvex lens
concave lens
68
Which substance opens the ligand dependent intracellular calcium channel?
DAG
aldosterone
IP3
thyroxines
IP3
69
Which of the following features is the most typical about fast pain sensation?
it produces flexor reflex
it causes blood fall of pressure
it causes sweating
it causes nausea
it produces flexor reflex
70
What is the proper definition for the disinhibition occurring in the neural networks?
stimulation of the neurons generating EPSP
inhibition of the facilitating neurons
inhibition of the neurons generating IPSP
facilitation of the reverberation cycle
inhibition of the neurons generating IPSP
71
Which of the followings does not participate in the reflex of accomodation?
the Edinger-Westphal nucleus
the ciliary ganglion
the praetectal area
the lateral geniculate body
the lateral geniculate body
72
Which of the followings is caracteristic of the neural organization of the olfaction?
large convergence
large divergence
the fibers of the tractus olfactorius send information to the olfactory cortex by several switching over
it constitutes somatotopical representation in the thalamus
large convergence
73
Can the frequency sensitivity of a given hair cell be modulated?
no, because each hair cell always sensitive only one frequency
yes, because there are CNS efferent fibers coming to the hair-cells modulating their sensitivity
only the inner cell row can changes its sensitivity
both hair cell rows can change their sensitivity
yes, because there are CNS efferent fibers coming to the hair-cells modulating their sensitivity
74
Which type of movements can not be executed by the muscles of eye?
horizontal
protrusional
rotational
vertical
protrusional
75
Knowing the somatotopic localization of the cortex, which is true for the postcentral gyrus of different species?
in the dog 60% of the sensory area represents the lip
in the rabbit 60% of the sensory area represents the lip
in the monkey 30% of the sensory area represents the anterior limb
in the rabbit 90% of the sensory area represents the periocular region
in the rabbit 60% of the sensory area represents the lip
76
Which feature is not characteristic of action potentials?
saltatoric propagation
block by tetrodotoxin
decrease during propagation
constant amplitude
decrease during propagation
77
Which area initiates the movements in the brain?
the praecentral motor cortex
the area of the basal ganglia
limbic, orbitofrontal or hypothalamical area
association cortex
limbic, orbitofrontal or hypothalamical area
81
Which of the following receptors belongs to the group stimulating the opening of the G-protein coupled cation channel?
adrenergic beta2 receptor
AMPA receptor
dopamine-D2 receptor
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
dopamine-D2 receptor
83
What does "visus" mean?
it means the binocular vision
it means the ability of differention of contrasts
it means the measurement of refraction of light
it means the least angle what is perceptible as two different point, projected from two points to one of the eyes
it means the least angle what is perceptible as two different point, projected from two points to one of the eyes
84
Where does the foot plate of the stapes attach?
in the round window
in the malleus
in the oval window
in the incus
in the oval window
85
How are the zones of the skin called that belong to certain splanchnic areas?
Head zones
dermatomes
intersegmental zones
splanchnic zones
Head zones
86
Which statement is true for the chiasma opticum?
the fibers originated from the ventral part of the retina cross here
the optical tract fibers terminate here
the fibers originated from the nasal part of the retina cross here
the fibers originated from the temporal part of the retina cross here
the fibers originated from the nasal part of the retina cross here
87
What is characteristic of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum?
they inhibit the efferent nuclei of the cerebellum
they faciltate the efferent nuclei of the cerebellum
their activity decrease by increasing the activity of granular cells
their neurotransmitter is glutamate
they inhibit the efferent nuclei of the cerebellum
88
Which statement is true for taste sensation?
the number of the taste bud of calf is less than that of the dog
the number of taste bud of dogs is more than 25000
birds can taste only saltiness
birds do not recognize salty and sweet taste
birds do not recognize salty and sweet taste
89
How much is the equilibrium potential of chloride ions in excitable tissues?
- 75 mV
+ 25 mV
- 25 mV
- 96 mV
- 96 mV
90
Which statement is true for the innervation of eyemuscles?
The m. rectus lateralis is innervated by the n. oculomotorius
The m. rectus lateralis is innervated by the n. abducens
The m. obliqus ventralis is innervated by the n. trochlealis
The m. obliqus dorsalis is innervated by the n. abducens
The m. rectus lateralis is innervated by the n. abducens
91
Which statement is correct for the retinal cones and rods?
photopic vision is associated with cones
the photopic luminosity curve has a maximum at a wavelength of 650 nm
the cones have predominant importance in object vision
the perception of the wavelength of light is the function of the rods
the cones have predominant importance in object vision
92
Which statement is correct regarding the structure of the retina?
the horizontal cells constitute the connection between cones and rods
the bipolar cells maintain connection between ganglion cells and pigment cells
the most distant layer from the lens in the retina is the layer of ganglion cells
the light reaches first the ganglion cells and afterwards it passes to the cones and rods
the light reaches first the ganglion cells and afterwards it passes to the cones and rods
93
Which statement is true for the function of the organ of Corti?
the tectorial membrane moves the cilia of the outer hair cells and consequently the cilia of the outer hair cells start move the membrana tectoria
the tectorial membrane moves the cilia of the outer hair cells, the hair cells are passively follow the movement
the hair cells move the tectorial membrane actively, the tectorial membrane does not effect the hair cells
the previous three answers are false
the tectorial membrane moves the cilia of the outer hair cells and consequently the cilia of the outer hair cells start move the membrana tectoria
94
Which is not true for the metabotropic mechanism?
it generates a slow, long lasting response
in most of the cases it causes a long lasting alteration of calcium conductance
A typical example of it is the intracellular cAMP- reducing effect of norepinephrine
fast response, generated by IPSP or EPSP
fast response, generated by IPSP or EPSP
95
Which of the following feature is true for thermoreception?
the sensation of hot and cold depends on the two state of the same receptor
the mean discharge frequency of the receptores is significant on any external temperature, there is no neutral zone
the pain and thermal sensation is the function of the same receptors
at 48-50 degree Celsius environmental temperature paradox cold sensation takes place
at 48-50 degree Celsius environmental temperature paradox cold sensation takes place
97
What is characteristic of the function of ventral posteromedial (VPM) thalamic nuclei?
they belong to the so- called bypass nuclei
the trigeminal nerve is the most important afferent of them (enters)
afferent informations come from the spinothalamic tract
there is no somatotopic localization in them
the trigeminal nerve is the most important afferent of them (enters)
98
Which statement is correct regarding to the molecular mechanism of the habituation?
presynaptic release of glutamate
block of calcium channels in the synaptic terminal due to prolonged opening of the potassium channels
NMDA receptors are released from the blocking effect of the magnesium
serotonergic facilitation dominates
block of calcium channels in the synaptic terminal due to prolonged opening of the potassium channels
99
Which is the key determinant of the formation of the resting membrane potential?
the sodium-potassium ATPase
leak sodium channels
leak potassium channels
voltage-dependent sodium channels
leak potassium channels
100
Which is true for the "columnar module" ?
each of them contains about 2500 cells of which 5% are pyramidal cells
pyramidal cells are the main afferent cells of it
Martinotti cells are the main efferent cells of it
Cajal`s cells belong to the efferent group of the column
each of them contains about 2500 cells of which 5% are pyramidal cells
101
To which extent rises the pressure because of the lever function of the auditory ossicles?
2 times
1 to 3 times
22 times
17 times
1 to 3 times
102
Which is characteristic of the myotatic reflex?
it is composed of a polysynaptic reflex arc
it is composed of a monosynaptic reflex arc
the response lasts long after the stimulation
this reflex is "fatigable"
it is composed of a monosynaptic reflex arc
103
What is the role of the neurons having a "bushy" dendritic tree situated in the spiral ganglion?
they function as a rhythm generator so they allow the temporal comparison of the information coming from the two ears
they inhibit the activity of the stellar cells
they code the sound intensity in a tonotopic localization
they help frequency coding by lateral hindrance
they function as a rhythm generator so they allow the temporal comparison of the information coming from the two ears
104
Which species tolerates well the the wide range of pH of the food?
dog
cattle
pig
horse
cattle
105
What happens in the receptor during "transduction"?
the external stimulus opens voltage- dependent sodium channels
the external stimulus generates an action potential
the external stimulus creates a generator potential
a frequency coded electric signal is generated
the external stimulus creates a generator potential
105
Which of the following features is the most typical of computer thomography (CT)?
it gives the highest resolution, nearly anatomical precision image of the brain
its resolution is not so high as of NMR
the velocity of metabolic processes in the brain can be demonstrated by this method
the amount of blood flow of the brain is measurable by this method
its resolution is not so high as of NMR
106
Which of the following substances is the transmitter produced by cones and rods?
glutamate
acetylcholine
GABA
serotonin
glutamate
107
Which statement is correct regarding to the molecular explanation of sensitization?
glutamate is released presynaptically
calcium channels are inhibited in the synaptic terminal
the NMDA receptors are released from the inhibitory effect of magnesium
serotoninergic facilitation takes place
serotoninergic facilitation takes place
108
Which statement is true for the nucleus of the solitary tract?
it is a center exclusively of taste sensation
projects directly to the cortical gustatory areas
processes also the thermal and mechanical stimuli coming from the tongue
gets afferent information from thalamus
processes also the thermal and mechanical stimuli coming from the tongue
109
Which area is the main motility planning area in the brain ?
the praecentral motor cortex
the area of the basal ganglia
the limbic, orbitofrontal or hypothalamical area
the association and motor cortex
the association and motor cortex
109
Which statement is true for sleeping?
sleeping is a passive resting process
the serotonin production of raphe nuclei is determinant of evoking sleep
the noradrenalin production of locus coeruleus is determinant of evoking sleep
the reticular formation has only permissive effect in evoking sleep
the serotonin production of raphe nuclei is determinant of evoking sleep
110
What happens in the 3rd (repolarization) phase of the action potential?
voltage-dependent potassium channels are inactivated
voltage-dependent potassium channels are closed
voltage-dependent potassium channels are opened
voltage-dependent calcium channels are opened
voltage-dependent potassium channels are opened
111
How much is the refractive power of the air-cornea border?
42,5 D
62,5 D
12 D
20 D
42,5 D
113
Which definition describes most appropriately the Babinski reflex?
this reflex is a typical proprioceptive reflex
dorsal flexion of the toe is characteristic of this reflex because of the deficiency of cortical control
the reflex is a normal flexor reflex
pathological response, which takes place while evoking patella reflex
dorsal flexion of the toe is characteristic of this reflex because of the deficiency of cortical control
114
Which part of the limbic system causes severe wildness upon extirpation?
amygdala
corpus mamillare
gyrus cinguli
septum nuclei
septum nuclei
115
Which statement is characteristic of the inner ear?
in the scala media perilymph can be found
the perilymph is rich of potassium
there is a high potassium concentration in the endolymph
the scala tympani is closed by the oval window
there is a high potassium concentration in the endolymph
116
Which of the following spinal cord pathways is the most important motor pathway in mammals?
the tectospinal tract
the Gowers's tract
the rubrospinal tract
the vestibulospinal tract
the rubrospinal tract
118
How many major components compose the classical spinal cord refelex?
afferent and efferent parts
5 major components
receptor, center and effector parts
central and peripheral pathways
5 major components
118
Which of the following phenomenona is not part of the immediate consequence of spinal transection?
areflexia
hypotonia
poikylothermia
active incontinence
active incontinence
121
What is characteristic of the so-called energy sensor receptor?
when it is activated, potassium leaves the cell
it is opened, closed or inactivated by neurotransmitters
its operation is G- protein dependent
its specific activator is the increase of the intracellular ATP level
its specific activator is the increase of the intracellular ATP level
123
Which area is the place of the primary visual cortex in the brain?
the parietal lobe
the Brodmann's area number 18
the orbitofrontal lobe
the Brodmann's area number 17 in the occipital lobe
the Brodmann's area number 17 in the occipital lobe
124
What is the function Brodman 8 area of the motor cortex ?
this is the primary motor center
as a "stare"-center directs the eye movements in concert with body movements
this is the secondary motor center
as a supplementer cortex initiates movements
as a "stare"-center directs the eye movements in concert with body movements
125
Which of the following statements is true for electroencephalography?
it applies X-rays for mapping the brain
it measures the action potentials of brain activity
It measures the activity of dendrites running parallell with the skull
It measures the postsynaptic activity of dendrites running perpendicular to the skull
It measures the postsynaptic activity of dendrites running perpendicular to the skull
126
Which part of the limbic system is responsible for primary learning process?
archipallium
mesopallium
septal nuclei
hypothalamus
archipallium
127
Which of the following ganglions contain postganglionic parasympathetic neurons innervated by preganglionic fibers from the nucleus Edinger- Wastphal?
pelvic ganglion
ganglion pterygopalatinum
ganglion oticum
ganglion ciliare
ganglion ciliare
128
Which formation is not part of the central olfactory pathways?
amygdala
pyriform area
Broadmann's area number 18
olfactory tubercle
Broadmann's area number 18
129
What is true for the vestibular tract?
centripetal fibers go to the lateral (Deiters) nucleus of the vestibular ganglion from the ganglion Scarpae
efferent fibers go to the sacculus from the nucleus Deiters
fibers go to the oculomotor nuclei from the vestibular nuclei without switching over
no direct fibers go to the cerebellum from the nucleus Deiters
centripetal fibers go to the lateral (Deiters) nucleus of the vestibular ganglion from the ganglion Scarpae
130
Which statement is correct?
the receptive field is the area of the retina from which a given ganglion cell receives information
the receptive field is about 1x1 mm area of the retina
the receptive field contains either "off" or "on" cells
2-5 receptive fields belong to one ganglion cell
the receptive field is the area of the retina from which a given ganglion cell receives information
131
Which statement is correct regarding to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor?
nicotine inhibits it
atropin inhibits it
it plays a role in the preganglionic neurotransmission
ATP can play a role in it as a neurotransmitter
atropin inhibits it
132
Does the vestibulocerebellum get direct fibers from the retina?
no
yes, because it coordinates the spatial orientation movements
direct contact can be found only in some species
it gets direct fibers only from the auditory organ
yes, because it coordinates the spatial orientation movements
133
Which area is responsible for the execution of movements in the brain ?
the praecentral cortex
the area of the basal ganglia
the postcentral cortex
the association and motor cortex
the praecentral cortex
133
What is characteristic of the movement patterns of the spinal cord?
stereotypia
they cover one segment
they are not repetitive
they ceased immediately after the stimulation
stereotypia
133
What kind of fibers conduct the action potential from the Golgi's tendon receptors?
type Ia
type Ib
type II
type C unmyelinated fibers
type Ib
134
Which tract does not belong to the "Papez-circuit" in the limbic system?
hypothalamus directed efferentation
corpus mamillare - thalamus tract
thalamus - gyrus cinguli directed fibers
bulbus olfactorius - thalamus directed connection
bulbus olfactorius - thalamus directed connection
135
What is the cause of the summation?
inactivation of voltage dependent cation channels
summation of the electric effects of the stimulus
outflow of anions from the cell due to repeated stimuli
presence of a relatively slow cation-removing system
presence of a relatively slow cation-removing system
135
Which of the following statements is true?
the cones are sensitive either to red or to blue color
the rods are sensitive to colors
some of the cones are sensitive to the wavelength of light
the rods are sensitive only to light intensity
the rods are sensitive only to light intensity
137
What is true for the formation of action potential?
it can be formed only by an active mechanism
it demands no energy investment
it codes the extent of stimulus by the amplitude
it is formed by leak potassium channels
it can be formed only by an active mechanism
138
What is the consequence of the movement of tectorial membrane forcing the stereocilia toward the kinocilium?
potassium efflux into the endolymph
calcium efflux into the perilymph
oscillating membrane potential
decrease of the glutamate release
decrease of the glutamate release
139
What is the the scientific definition of aroma?
the aroma is the total taste effect of the food taken up
the aroma is the smell component of the taste effect of the food taken up
the aroma is the combined smell and taste effect of the food taken up
the aroma signals the energy content of the food taken up
the aroma is the combined smell and taste effect of the food taken up
140
What is the hypothesized neurophysiology of the mid-term memory?
increased lipid synthesis
generation of so called LTP (long term potentiation)
generation of so called reverberal neural circuits
synaptic plasticity
generation of so called LTP (long term potentiation)
141
The learning processes listed below are all present in domestic animals. Which learning process leads to a behavioral pattern evoked always by a key stimulus?
habituation
sensitization
the so called kinestetic learning
remembrance
the so called kinestetic learning
142
Which statement is correct?
the synthesis of cGMP in the outer segment of the cones is ceased in darkness
light produces sodium entry into the cones and rods
in darkness the phosphodiesterase enzyme of the outer segment of cones is inactive
light activates the synthesis of cGMP in cones and rods
in darkness the phosphodiesterase enzyme of the outer segment of cones is inactive
143
Which cranial nerve does not contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?
```
oculomotor nerve (III)
facial nerve (VII)
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
hypoglossal nerve (XII)
```
hypoglossal nerve (XII)
144
What is characteristic of the so-called ryanodine sensitive calcium channel?
it is located on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
it acts as a voltage sensor
it carries calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
it opens upon electric stimulus
it is located on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
144
Which of the Purkinje-Sanson pictures changes mostly by the effect of focusing at a near object?
the smaller upright picture
the larger upright picture
the three pictures change about the same degree
the reduced inverted picture
the reduced inverted picture
145
What is characteristic of the alpha waves of the EEG?
it can be recorded in a conscious resting state, as an 50 mV amplitude potential oscillation
it can be recorded in sleeping, resting state
it is a significantly desynchronized waveform recordable in conscious state
it is exhibited in the REM phase of sleeping
it can be recorded in a conscious resting state, as an 50 mV amplitude potential oscillation
146
Which of the following statements is true?
vestibulocerebellum is phylogenetically the newest part of the cerebellum
the efferent function of spinocerebellum is realized by the Fastigial nucleus
the efferent function of spinocerebellum is realized by the dentate nucleus
cerebrocerebellum gets information from the motor cortex by the thalamus
the efferent function of spinocerebellum is realized by the dentate nucleus
147
Which statement is true for the definition of sound intensity?
physiological definition that expresses the sound pressure ratio
it gives the physical measure of the sound performance
its unit of measure is N/ m2
its unit of measure is phon
physiological definition that expresses the sound pressure ratio
148
Which is the correct classification of the receptor of hearing?
according to the type of its receptor cells the organ of hearing contains secondary receptors
the organ of hearing is a primary sensory organ
the organ of hearing is a tertiary sensory organ
according to the degree of adaptation the organ of hearing contains fast adapting receptors
according to the type of its receptor cells the organ of hearing contains secondary receptors
149
What is the hypothesized neurophysiology of the short-term memory?
increased lipid synthesis
generation of so called LTP (long term potentiation)
generation of so called reverberal neural circuits
synaptic plasticity
generation of so called reverberal neural circuits
150
What is the hypothesized neurophysiology of the long-term memory?
increased lipid synthesis
generation of so called LTP (long term potentiation)
generation of so called reverberal neural circuits
synaptic plasticity
synaptic plasticity
151
Which of the following functions does not belong to the functions of the reticular formation?
control of emotions
regulation of sleep- wake cycle
vegetative coordination
control of posture
control of emotions
152
How many major parts does the voltage-dependent sodium channel consist of?
7 transmembrane components
3 peptide chains
9 subunits
4 transmembrane components
4 transmembrane components
152
Which of the following pathway is not efferent?
tectospinal tract
Flechsig's pathway
the reticulospinal tract
the rubrospinal tract
Flechsig's pathway
154
What does the "conditioning" mean in the Pavlov experiments?
parallel application of multiple conditioned stimuli
repetitive application of neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus
multiple application of neutral stimulus
exclusion of unnecessary environmental stimuli
repetitive application of neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus
155
What does the "operant" reflex mean?
it needs a direct role of the experimenter in building up the reflex
the animal confirms the connection between the originally neutral stimulus and the unconditional reflex by its own activity
reflex which is built upon parallel application of different neutral stimulus
reflex which is built upon the concerted use of different sensory organs
the animal confirms the connection between the originally neutral stimulus and the unconditional reflex by its own activity
156
Which statement is true for the "extensor-thrust" phenomenon?
It is a typical exteroceptive reflex
the flexion of the interosseal muscles is characteristic of it
it plays an important role in defense
its role is to ensure the support during executing a step
its role is to ensure the support during executing a step
157
What occurs on the postsynaptic membrane in case of monosynaptic inhibition?
EPSP
Increased AP discharge
MEPP
IPSP
IPSP
159
Which of the following parameters is determined by the functional mosaic of the retina?
it determines the effective visual acuity
it determines the ability to binocular vision
it determines the fine discrimination of colour vision
it determines the theoretical visual acuity
it determines the effective visual acuity
159
Why the phon scale had to be established in physiology?
in order to describe the sensibility of the ear by a physical index
because sounds that have the same sound pressure ratio but different frequency
can cause sound sensation at a different extent
because the bel scale does not measure the sound pressure by a physical unit of measure
because the phon- scale describes the sound intensity more exactly
because sounds that have the same sound pressure ratio but different frequency
can cause sound sensation at a different extent
160
What is true for the macula of the of vestibular apparatus?
it senses the rotational acceleration
it records dynamical changes
it mediates static informations
it can be found in the ampullas
it mediates static informations
160
Which of the following pairs is true for the theory of opponent color pairs elaborated by Mach-Hering?
red - green
yellow - red
green - blue
green - yellow
red - green
161
What is characteristic of the bypass nuclei of the thalamus?
afferent informations come from the spinothalamic tract
the trigeminal nerve is the most important afferent of them
none of the axons of its neurons leave the thalamus
their other name is "relay nuclei"
none of the axons of its neurons leave the thalamus
161
What happens if the sterocilia move toward the kinocilium in the vestibular apparatus?
the membrane of the receptors hyperpolarize
the mean discharge frequency does not change significantly in the vestibular nerve
the mean discharge frequency decreases in the vestibular nerve
potassium influx and consequent depolarization
potassium influx and consequent depolarization
162
What is the function of the statocinetic reflexes?
antigravitational support
connecting eye and neck muscles
they responsible for postural reflexes evoked by kinetic stimuli
they responsible for the support of body mass centre in place
they responsible for postural reflexes evoked by kinetic stimuli
164
In which order are the centers of the motor cortex acivated?
supplementer cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex
supplementer cortex is the last in order
primary motor cortex is the first in order
the premotor cortex is the last in order
supplementer cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex
165
Which of the following statements is correct for the luminosity curve?
the photopic vision is achieved by rods
the maximum of the scotopic luminosity curve is at the wavelength of 510 nm
the eye is the most sensitive to the blue color
the eye is the most sensitive to the red color
the maximum of the scotopic luminosity curve is at the wavelength of 510 nm
165
What the minimal angle of motion of an object which is already followed by motion of the head of the cat?
25 degree
35 degree
15 degree
5 degree
5 degree
166
Which anatomical unit belongs exclusively to the basolateral limbic ring?
area piriformis
hippocampus
rostral and dorsomedial thalamus
cortex above amygdala
rostral and dorsomedial thalamus
167
Which of the following functions do not belong to the basal ganglia related to the direction of movements?
sends direct efferentation to the alpha-motoneurons of the spinal cord
movements are initiated here
influences the extent of thalamocortical activity
gives emotional afferentation for the regulation of movements
sends direct efferentation to the alpha-motoneurons of the spinal cord
167
Which instrument is designed to measure the stereoscopic vision?
perimeter
stereoscope
visus table
stroboscope
perimeter
168
What is the speed of sound in water?
3 km/sec
about 300 m/sec
1500 m/sec
in water it is much less than in air because of its high density
1500 m/sec
169
Which anatomical unit belongs exclusively to the medial limbic ring?
gyrus cinguli
hippocampus
septum pellucidum
thalamus
hippocampus
170
What is the reaction of an on- center ganglion cell to a small ray of light projected into its receptive field?
decreased AP frequency
increased AP frequency
increased AP frequency when the light is turned off
decreased AP frequency either when the light is turned off or on
increased AP frequency
170
Which of the following statements is correct related to the movement of the pupil?
dilation of pupil is called "mydriasis"
The m. sphincter pupillae is innervated by the sympatethic nerves
The myosis is the result of the contraction of m. dilatator pupillae
looking at a short distance the pupil is slightly dilates
dilation of pupil is called "mydriasis"
170
Which statements is correct for the granular cells of the bulbus olfactorius?
their fibers are responsible for the nociceptive reactions of the olfactory epithelium
their fibers leave the area of the bulbus
they increase the activity of the periglomerular cells
they are the inhibitory cells of the bulbus
they are the inhibitory cells of the bulbus
171
Which data-pair is lineraly proportional to the speed of sound?
frequency-pitch
amplitude-sound pressure
frequency-amplitude
wavelength- frequency
wavelength- frequency
171
What is the role of the tufted cells of the olfactory organ?
they constitute an intrabulbar connection system
they send information to the bulbus olfactorius situated on the other side
they make connection between the olfactory epithelium and the bulbus
they project into the thalamus
they send information to the bulbus olfactorius situated on the other side
174
Which of the following pairs are the most determining of the refracting power of the eye?
aqueous humor - frontal surface of the lens
back surface of the lens - vitreous humor
air - cornea
vitreous body
air - cornea
176
Which of the following statements is true for the REM phase of sleeping?
during REM phase sleeping is superficial
during REM phase the individual is in an entirely relaxed state
during REM phase paradox sleep takes place
REM phase is a long period of sleeping, lasting for several hours
during REM phase paradox sleep takes place
178
In which state is the voltage-dependent sodium channel at the end of the overshoot?
closed
inactivated
opened
activated
inactivated
179
What is the basis of stereoscopic vision in the case of binocular vision?
the presence of corresponding and dysparate points
the differences of light intensity coming into the two eyes
the effect of different contrast
informations resulting from the head movements
the presence of corresponding and dysparate points
180
Which of the following ganglions contain postganglionic parasympathetic neurons innervated by preganglionic fibers from the ventral salivatory nucleus?
ganglion oticum
ganglion pterygopalatinum
ganglion oticum
pelvic ganglion
ganglion oticum
182
Which part of the limbic system elicits anger upon stimulus?
amygdala
corpus mamillare
gyrus cinguli
septum nuclei
amygdala
183
Which kind of vision is characteristic of the prey animals?
monocular
binocular
of high visual acuity
high contrast of colour vision
monocular
184
Which statement is true for the organ of Corti?
the innervation of the row of inner hair cells is characterized by a large convergence
the innervation of the row of inner hair cells is characterized by a large divergence
it contains medial hair cells in 3-4 rows
it contains outer hair cells in 3-4 rows
it contains outer hair cells in 3-4 rows
185
Which statement is true for the organ of Corti?
95% of the afferent fibers in the cochlear nerve comes from the inner hair cells, which represents the lower amount of cells
95% of the afferent fibers in the cochlear nerve comes from the outer hair cells, which represents the higher amount of cells
the inner receptor cells are characterised by the convergence of 25 to 1
the inner receptor cells are characterised by divergence
95% of the afferent fibers in the cochlear nerve comes from the inner hair cells, which represents the lower amount of cells
186
What is the reason of after- hyperpolarization?
influx of sodium ions
calcium influx into the cell
slight chloride ion outflow occurs
voltage-dependent potassium channels close too slowly
voltage-dependent potassium channels close too slowly
186
Which statement is true for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor?
the skeletal muscle type receptor consists of 2 alpha, 2 beta and 1 delta units
the neural type receptor is particularly sensitive to the curare
the neural type receptor contains three alpha subunits
its agonist is the isoproterenol
the skeletal muscle type receptor consists of 2 alpha, 2 beta and 1 delta units
186
Why is the focusing to a near object more exhausting then focusing to long distance?
because during focusing to a near object the ciliary muscles contract
because during focusing to a near object the Zinn's fibers are stretched
because during focusing to a near object spinchter muscles of the pupil constrict
because during focusing to a near object the lens recoil into a more convex state
because during focusing to a near object the ciliary muscles contract
187
The IC concentration of which ion occurs in the denominator of Goldman-Hodgkin- Katz (GHK) equation?
potassium
sodium
hydrocarbonate
chloride
chloride
188
Which nerve provides afferent fibers to the taste buds in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
n. facialis (VII.)
n. glossopharyngeus (IX.)
n. trigeminus (V.)
n. hypoglossus (XII.)
n. facialis (VII.)
189
What kind of fine tuning can be exerted by the hair- cells?
mechanical and electrical tuning
only frequency tuning
only electrical tuning
only mechanical tuning
mechanical and electrical tuning
189
```
How much is the equilibrium potential of potassium in excitable tissue?
- 15 mV
- 84 mV
+ 45 mV
- 95 mV
```
- 84 mV
190
Which statement is true for the glutamate receptor?
it is activated only by high frequency presynaptic AP
it has three subtypes: NMDA, AMPA and kainate
it primarily can be found on the postsynaptic membranes of the peripheral nervous system
its opening causes selective sodium influx
it has three subtypes: NMDA, AMPA and kainate
190
Which statement is true for the hair cells of the inner ear?
the hair cells situated in a row are sensible for different frequencies increasing the frequency resolution
depolarization takes place in the inner hair cells if stereocilia are moving away from the kinocilium
they posses mechanosensitive anion channels
the outer hair cells can dislocate the tectorial membrane by a sound of a given frequency
the outer hair cells can dislocate the tectorial membrane by a sound of a given frequency
192
What is true for the function of pretectal region?
here happens the integration of pupillary dilation
this area is part of optical radiation
secunder auditory fibers terminate here
this is the one of centers of colour vision
here happens the integration of pupillary dilation
192
Which nerve provides afferent fibers to the taste buds in the pharynx?
n. facialis (VII.)
n. trigeminus (V.)
n. hypoglossus (XII.)
n. glossopharyngeus (IX.)
n. glossopharyngeus (IX.)
193
Which of the following manipulations provides information about a very small brain area on living animal?
computer tomography
electroencephalography
examination using stereotaxic apparatus
nucleomagnetic resonance examination
examination using stereotaxic apparatus
193
Which statement is correct?
the preganglionic neurotransmitter of the autonomic nervous system can be either acetylcholine or norepinephrine
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor plays a role in the parasympathetic postganglionic transmission
95% of the sympathetic postganglionic transmission is due to norepinephrine release
epinephrin is one of the major participant in the sympathetic postganglionic transmission
95% of the sympathetic postganglionic transmission is due to norepinephrine release
194
Which is the proper definition for chronaxia?
chronaxia is the time period necessary for generating an AP in the case of stimulation with the double of the rheobase
chronaxia is the extent of the stimulus twice as large as the treshold stimulus
chronaxia means the time period necessary for achieving the firing level in the case of maximal stimulation
the measure for chronaxia is mV or V
chronaxia is the time period necessary for generating an AP in the case of stimulation with the double of the rheobase
194
Which substance blocks the voltage- dependent potassium channel?
curare
ouabain
tetrodotoxin, TTX
tetraetilammonium, TEA
tetraetilammonium, TEA
196
Which receptor can cause potassium- channel opening?
type M1 muscarinic acethylcholine receptor
type M3 muscarinic
acethylcholine receptor
type M2 muscarinic acethylcholine receptor
type D1 dopamin receptor
type M2 muscarinic acethylcholine receptor
197
What is characteristic of the exteroceptive reflex?
monosynaptic reflex arc
it is not fatigable
it is composed of a widespread polysynaptic network
it does not evoke contralateral responses
it is composed of a widespread polysynaptic network
197
What does the concept of dysparate points mean?
it means the points of the visual field which are not corresponding on the two retinas
the places of colour vision on the retina which exclude each other
it means the points which are out of visual field
It means the points of field of binocular vision which are covered by each other
it means the points of the visual field which are not corresponding on the two retinas
197
To which extent rises the pressure because of the surface difference of the ear drum and the foot plate of the stapes?
2 times
1 to 3 times
22 times
17 times
17 times
197
Which is not characteristic of the local response among the followings?
law of all or nothing
decreased during propagation
the amplitude is proportional with the extent of the stimulus
not self-propagated
law of all or nothing
198
What does dys- diacho-kinesis mean?
flaccid, paralysed state
incoordination of fast, alternating movements because of an injury of the cerebellum
placing reflex of the limbs is diminished
impaired distance estimation during movements because of removal of cerebellum
incoordination of fast, alternating movements because of an injury of the cerebellum
198
How much is the equilibrium potential of sodium in excitable tissues?
- 75 mV
+ 25 mV
+ 58 mV
- 100 mV
+ 58 mV
199
What happens at the unilateral transection of the pyramidal tract in primates?
voluntary movements are ceased
decerebration rigidity takes place
flaccid paralysis of muscles on the other side
fine movements are undamaged
flaccid paralysis of muscles on the other side
199
Which of the following areas gets direct information from the retina?
the suprachiasmatic nucleus
the pineal body
the amygdala
the medial geniculate body
the suprachiasmatic nucleus
