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Flashcards in midterm Deck (44)
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1
Q

proposition

A

the content of a belief that can be expressed in a declarative sentence

2
Q

what are the 3 conditions in the traditional view of knowledge

A

belief, truth, and justification

3
Q

what do weak sceptics believe?

A

we cannot know any belief about the external world because we cannot be certain

4
Q

beliefs gained and justified via sense experience

A

a posteriori

5
Q

beliefs gained and justified via reasoning

A

a priori

6
Q

3 criteria for evaluating arguments

A

validity, clarity, soundness

7
Q

if p then q
p
therefore q

A

modus ponens

8
Q

deductive argument

A

the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion

9
Q

validity

A

if the premises were true, the conclusion must be true

10
Q

the premises are true but the conclusion is false

A

denying the antecedent

11
Q

soundness

A

a valid argument with true premises

12
Q

epistemic beliefs

A

beliefs that cannot be false

13
Q

there are basic beliefs and there are non-basic beliefs, which derive their justification from basic beliefs

A

foundationalism

14
Q

I am, I exist

A

cogito ergo sum

15
Q

the special epistemic status of the cogito and first person beliefs

A

they are incorrigible and self-verifying

16
Q

what are the 3 possible sources for descartes’s idea of god?

A

innate, adventitious, invented by me

17
Q

capable of independent existence

A

substances

18
Q

depend on something else for their existence

A

modes

19
Q

if p, then q
not q
therefore, not p

A

modus tollens

20
Q

3 conditions moore’s proof satisfies

A

premises are different from the conclusion, conclusion follows logically from the premises, and the arguer knows the premises to be true

21
Q

in order for an argument to be sound, it must be

A

valid with true premises

22
Q

in order for an argument to be valid, it must be

A

hypothetically sound given the premises are true

23
Q

begging the question aka circular reasoning

A

assuming the truth of the conclusion you are trying to establish

24
Q

who pointed out the cartesian circle in descartes’s cosmological argument?

A

antoine arnauld

25
Q

abductive argument

A

begins with an observation and seeks the conclusion that best explains the observation

26
Q

observation
if hypothesis is the case, then observation is explained
therefore, h

A

general form of ‘inference to best explanation’

27
Q

rationally compelling but open to revision in light of new info

A

deductively invalid

28
Q

vogel’s 3 standards for evaluating hypotheses

A

no ad hoc beliefs, simplicity, and depth

29
Q

vogel’s 2 hypotheses

A

real world hypothesis and computer sceptical hypotheis

30
Q

essence of a mind

A

thinking

31
Q

essence of a body

A

extension

32
Q

metaphysics

A

branch of philosophy that tries to answer what kinds of things exist

33
Q

ontology

A

a list of things that exist

34
Q

what is the epistemic goal?

A

rejection of scepticism

35
Q

3 mental properties

A

beliefs, desires, emotions

36
Q

3 physical properties of bodies

A

brain, neurons, neurotransmitters

37
Q

does the mental influence the physical and vice versa?

A

causal problem

38
Q

thesis of materialism

A

all things that exist are material and behave strictly according to physical laws

39
Q

what 2 commitments are in tension when it comes to the mind-body problem?

A

thinking of ourselves as having physical and mental aspects and the idea that everything in the universe is material

40
Q

superman example aka

A

argument from doubt

41
Q

leibniz’s law

A

if A and B are identical, then A has all of the same properties as B and vice versa.

42
Q

why is the superman argument invalid?

A

it commits intensional fallacy

43
Q

in the CSH, what explains why PO’s can’t have the same PL as one another

A

extra empirical regularity

44
Q

what are descartes’s aims in the meditations (4)

A

to overcome weak scepticism, to provide a firm foundation for science, to establish god’s existence, and to establish substance dualism