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EPHE 344 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What should an EAP include?

A

Personal roles, location and contact information, call sheet

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2
Q

What is included in an EAP checklist?

A

Equipment list, on site personnel, intro and signatures, medical info cards/parental consent, location of phone, rapid field access

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3
Q

What are some life threatening conditions?

A

Obstructed airway, no breathing, no pulse, profuse bleeding, shock

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4
Q

What are some conditions that require immediate attention?

A

Hypothermia, hyperthermia, head injury, fracture or dislocation of spine or long bone, serious eye injuries, athlete unable or unwilling to support body weight, unconsciousness

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5
Q

What are the types of shock?

A

Hypovolemic, respiratory, cardiogenic, neurogenic, metabolic, psychogenic, septic, anaphylactic

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6
Q

What causes hypovolemic shock?

A

Low blood volume and low blood pressure

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7
Q

What causes respiratory shock?

A

Lungs cannot supply enough oxygen

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8
Q

What causes cardiogenic shock?

A

Heart is incapable of circulating blood

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9
Q

What causes neurogenic shock?

A

Dilation of peripheral vessels due to CNS trauma

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10
Q

What causes metabolic shock?

A

Complication of untreated diabetes or extreme loss of body fluid

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11
Q

What causes psychogenic shock?

A

Temporary dilation of blood vessels decreasing the amount of blood to the brain (syncope)

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12
Q

What causes septic shock?

A

Severe bacterial infection

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13
Q

What causes anaphylactic shock?

A

dilation of peripheral blood vessels due to severe allergic reaction. Hypotensive but tachycardic

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14
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of shock?

A

rapid weak pulse, low bp, shallow rapid breathing, pale cool clammy skin, blue grey colour on lips and nailbeds, drowsy, weak or dizzy, sweating may be thirsty, late stages: unconsciousness and death

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15
Q

How do you manage shock?

A

Call EMS, obtain and maintain airway, manage complication, maintain body temp, elevate legs (in most conditions), reassure and keep calm, monitor and record vital signs

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16
Q

What are some non-modifiable intrinsic risk factors?

A

Age, sex, previous injuries, innate intelligence, innate creativity

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17
Q

What are some modifiable intrinsic risk factors?

A

Endurance, agility, strength, motivation, discipline

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18
Q

What are some modifiable extrinsic risk factors?

A

Environment (Type of playing field and protective equipment, crowd control, position, laxity of officials competitive level), equipment

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19
Q

What are some non-modifiable risk factors?

A

Time of season, weather, time of day, opposition aggression

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20
Q

What is malfeasance?

A

Act of Commission: Performs action that is not legally theirs to perform

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21
Q

What is nonfeasance?

A

Act of omission: Fail to perform legal duty resulting in injury

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22
Q

What is misfeasance?

A

Performs action incorrectly that was legally theirs to perform

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23
Q

What is negligence?

A

Fail to use reasonable care

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24
Q

What are some areas of potential negligence?

A

Supervision, instruction, unsafe facilities, defective equipment, transportation

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25
Q

What is explicit consent?

A

Athlete initiates treatment

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26
Q

What is informed consent?

A

Must explain all risks and benefits of treatment/assessment before commencing

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27
Q

What is implied consent?

A

Used to save a life. Individual in incapable of giving consent but requires it in an emergent situation

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28
Q

What is the primary survey protocol?

A

Safety, check, call, care

29
Q

What is the protocol for bleeding management?

A

REDS: Rest, elevation, direct pressure, treat for shock

30
Q

What is included in the secondary survey?

A

Vital signs, S.A.M.P.L.E., head to toe conscious vs. unconscious, P.M.S

31
Q

How do you take vitals?

A

Pulse, breathing rate and quality, skin colour temp and condition, pupils, BP

32
Q

What is S.A.M.P.L.E?

A

Signs and symptoms, allergies, medications, past illnesses and injuries, last meat, events prior

33
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of a skull fracture?

A

E: Blow to head from mandible to top
S+S: Severe headache and nausea, palpable deformity, blood or csf in ears canals or nose, racoon eyes or battles sign, inability to see or smell, unequal pupils, seizures
M: Hospitalization

34
Q

What is the etiology and S+S of a cerebral contusion?

A

E: focal brain injury with small hemorrhaging, usually occurs when head strikes stationary object
S+S: Usually LOC followed by very talkative state. Normal neurological exam. May have headache, nausea, etc.
M: Hospital

35
Q

E,S+S, M: Intracranial hemorrhage

A

E: Blow to head or skull #, acceleration/deceleration forces, leading cause of athlete death
S+S: worsening headache, dizziness, sleepiness, convulsions, NV, dilation of one pupil, alteration of consciousness, depression of pulse and respiration, abnormal posturing
M: Immediate medical attention

36
Q

What does decorticate posturing indicate? (Flexor)

A

Problems with cervical spinal tract or cerebral hemisphere

37
Q

What does decerebrate posturing indicate? (Extensor)

A

Problem with midbrain or pons

38
Q

E, S+S, M: Malignant cerebral edema

A

E:Occurs minutes to hours post head injury in young population, In adults usually a result of an intracranial clot
S+S: Rapid neurological deterioration to point of coma
M: life threatening, immediate hospitalization

39
Q

ESSM: Nasal fracture

A

E: Direct blow or from side, most common facial #
S+S: immediate swelling and pain, profuse bleeding if underlying tissue torn
M: control bleeding (upright, ice), splint, refer to physician for xray, examination, reeducation

40
Q

ESSM: Mandibular fracture

A

E: direct blow, second most common
S+S: deformity, loss of occlusion, pain when biting, bleeding around teeth, lower lip anesthesia
M: Temporary immobilization with elastic wrap and ice, refer to hospital

41
Q

ESSM: Orbital fracture

A

E: Blow to cheek or eyeball, third most common
S+S: Diplopia, restricted eye movement, downwards displacement of eye, swelling and bruising, cheek swelling
M: Ice and advise to not blow nose, refer

42
Q

ESSM: Maxillary and zygomatic

A

E: Direct blow, 4th most common
S+S: deformity, nosebleed, numbness, double vision
M: control and manage airway, control bleeding, assume potential concussion, refer

43
Q

ESSM: Mandibular dislocation

A

E: Involve TMJ joint-rare, mechanism usually side blow to open mouth
S+S: locked open position, minimal ROM
T:Cold application, elastic wrap, reduction

44
Q

ESSM: Dental fracture

A

E: impact to jaw, direct trauma
S+S: Uncomplicated: broken no bleeding, complicated: broken and bleeding, need xray
M: Dental referral, fractured pieces in bag, gauze for bleeding, must rule out mandibular fracture and concussion

45
Q

ESSM: Tooth subluxation, luxation, avulsion

A

E: Direct blow
S+S: Tooth loosened or dislodged
Sublux: loosened, little to no pain
Lux: displacement without fracture, inward displacement equals immediate referral
Avulsion: knocked out
M: Sublux: referral within 48
Lux: replace if possible, immediate referral
Avulsion: re-implant or put in milk or saline, immediate referral

46
Q

ESSM: Orbital hematoma

A

E: Blow to area surrounding eye
S+S: swelling and discoloration, subconjunctival hemorrhage or reduced vision may indicate more serious problem
M: cold application 30+minutes, no blowing nose, monitor for concussion

47
Q

ESSM: Hyphema

A

E: Blunt blow to the eye
S+S: blood collects in anterior chamber of the eye with in 2 hours, blood may turn pea green, vision partially or fully occluded, photophobia
M: immediate physician referral, rule out concussion

48
Q

ESSM: Cervical fracture

A

E: An axial load with some degree of circumflexion
S+S: neck point tenderness, restricted motion, cervical muscle spasms, cervical pain, pain, numbness, or weakness in chest and extremities, loss of bladder or bowels
M: Stabilized regardless of level of consciousness

49
Q

ESSM: Brachial plexus neuropraxia

A

E: stretching or compression of brachial plexus, peripheral nerve disruption without degenerative harm
S+S: burning sensation, numbness, tingling, radiating pain to fingers, loss of function in arm and hand from seconds to minutes
M:strengthen and stretch, return to play when S+S normal

50
Q

ESSM: Lumbar disc herniation

A

E: abnormal stresses due to poor mechanics, usually L4-L5
S+S: sharp centrally located, radiates unilaterally across glute, back, back of leg, pain usually worse after stationary, forward bending and sitting increase pain
M: ice, ROM exercises, strengthening exercises

51
Q

ESSM: Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis

A

E: degeneration of vertebrae due to congenital weakness. associated with repetitive hyperextension
S+S: Persistent pain and aching increases after activity, full ROM some hesitation with flexion, constantly changing positions, localized tenderness and possible segmental hypermobility
M: strength and stability exercises, increased susceptibility to lumbar stain

52
Q

What are some somatic concussion symptoms?

A

Headache, NV, sensitivity to light or noise, numbing or tingling, balance and/or coordination problems

53
Q

What are some cognitive concussion symptoms?

A

Feeling slowed down, feeling in a fog, difficulty concentrating or remembering

54
Q

What are some neurobehavioral concussion symptoms?

A

Sleeping or troubled sleeping, drowsiness, fatigue, depression, nervousness, irritable

55
Q

What are the R’s of concussion?

A

Recognize, Remove, Re-evaluate, Rest. Rehabilitation, Refer, Recover, Return to sport, Reconsider, Residual effects, Risk reduction

56
Q

Signs of thoracic injury

A

cyanosis, dyspnea, chest pain while breathing, distended jugular vein, reduced chest movement, movement of trachea while breathing, coughing/vomiting blood, potential deformities, shock

57
Q

Signs of abdominal and pelvic injury

A

Severe abdominal or pelvic pain, referred pain, point tenderness, rigidity of abs, blood in urine or stool, NV, prolonged discomfort, sensation of weakness, palpable defect or deformity, distended or irregularly shaped abdomen, shock

58
Q

Types of lung injuries (Etiology)

A

Pneumothorax: pleural cavity filled with air, negatively pressurizing cavity, causes lung to collapse
Tension pneumothorax: pleural sac on one side fills with air displacing lung and heart, compressing opposite heart
Hemothorax: blood in pleural cavity causes tearing or puncturing of the lungs or plural tissue
Traumatic asphyxia: result of violent blow or compression of rib cage

59
Q

ESSM: Hyperventilation

A

E: rapid rate of breathing due to anxiety or asthma
S+S: difficulty getting air in, may also exhibit belching, bloating, confusion, dizziness, light headedness
M: calm person down, ex. in through nose out through mouth, should return to normal within 1-2 minutes. Determine cause

60
Q

ESSM: Sudden cardiac death

A

E: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, anomalous origin or coronary arteries, Marfan syndrome, CAD/PAD, right ventricular dysplasia, WPW, drugs alcohol
S+S: dont usually exhibit any. May have chest pain, sycope, SOB, sweating
M: prescreening addressing potential cardiac issues ex. chest pain. echos, ekg, family history

61
Q

ESSM: Commotio cortis

A

E: result of blunt impact to chest during certain points of cardiac cycle
S+S: ventricular fibrillation
M: resuscitation usually unsuccessful. Early AED crucial

62
Q

ESSM: Kidney Contusion

A

E: external force
S+S: shock, NV, muscle guarding, hematuria, referred pain
M: Advise for frequent checking of hematuria. Kidney rupture - medical emergency

63
Q

ESSM: Ruptured/contused bladder

A

E: blunt force to lower abdomen. Runners bladder=consistent with contusion of bladder during running
S+S: pain, lower abdominal rigidity, NV, bleeding from urethra, increased quantity of bloody urine. Inability to pee may indicate ruptured bladder
M: check for hematuria, go to ER if present, urinate frequently

64
Q

ESSM: Scrotal contusion

A

E: blunt force
S+S: hemorrhaging, fluid effusion, muscle spasm, severe pain, NV, shock
M: valsalva, flex knees up, ice as necessary, athlete should check to ensure both testes are there. Unresolved pain after 15-20 minutes requires referral.

65
Q

ESSM: Ruptured spleen

A

E: direct blow, mono
S+S: shock, abdominal rigidity, NV, Kehrs sign
M: Call EMS-Medical emergency, treat for shock, monitor vitals

66
Q

What is the progression of hypothermia?

A

1) intense uncontrollable shivering reducing to less shivering and increased confusion and alertness
2) irrational behavior, loss of consciousness, increased muscle rigidity, decreased respirations, Cardiac arrhythmias
3) unconscious and unresponsive
4) Heart and lungs fail, hemorrhaging and death

67
Q

ESSM: Heat stroke

A

E: inability to dispense heat, core temp 41 + degrees
S+S: sudden colllapse, NV, Loss of consciousness, hot skin, rapid shallow pulse, headache seizure activity
M: Medical emergency, call 911. Must get core temp to below 39 within 30 minutes

68
Q

ESSM: Heat exhaustion

A

E: Ability to dissipate heat is compromised, increased core temp with increased sweating and dehydration
S+S: profuse sweating, weakness, palor, nausea, headache, core temp greater than 39.5

EPHE 344 (2 decks)

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