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AP Psychology > Midterm FRQ > Flashcards

Midterm FRQ Flashcards

1
Q

classical conditioning

A

type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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2
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
-ex. mouth salivating when food is in it

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3
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

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4
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

a stimulus that does not trigger a response

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5
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

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6
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

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7
Q

extinction

A

diminishing of a conditioned response
-when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow the conditioned stimulus

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8
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

reappearance of a previously extinct conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus after a rest period
-is conditioned stimulus persisting alone, conditioned response becomes extinct again

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9
Q

stimulus generalization

A

organism displays conditioned response to a similar stimulus but not identical to the conditioned response

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10
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned response

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11
Q

taste aversion (learning)

A

biological constraint on learning in which an organism learns in one trial to avoid a food whos ingestion is followed by illness

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12
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian psychologist that developed classical conditioning theory
-conducted famous salivating dogs experiment

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13
Q

John Watson

A

American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism
-conducted “little Albert” experiment

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14
Q

“Little Albert” experiment

A

Albert was classically conditioned to fear white rats
-showed emotional behaviors can be conditioned

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15
Q

associative learning

A

certain events occur together
-two stimuli
-response and consequence

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16
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others

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17
Q

model

A

pattern, plan, representative, or description to show the structure of something

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18
Q

vicarious learning

A

learning the consequences of an action by watching others be reinforced or punished for it

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19
Q

mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or observing others do so

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20
Q

antisocial behavior

A

actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another

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21
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive, constructive behavior - opposite of antisocial

22
Q

Albert Bandura

A

researcher famous for work in observational learning
-conducted the bobo doll experiment

23
Q

Bobo doll experiment

A

kids watched adults play aggressively with an inflatable clown and then played aggressively as well when they had the chance to
-improvised new violence as well

24
Q

verbal modeling

A

description of how to properly execute behavior

25
Q

symbolic modeling

A

other than a live human
-film, tv, reading, etc

26
Q

live modeling

A

watching a real person perform desired behavior

27
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

rewarding behavior every time it occurs

28
Q

fixed interval reinforcement

A

behavior rewarded after set amount of time

29
Q

fixed ratio reinforcement

A

set number of responses must occur before the behavior is rewarded

30
Q

variable ratio reinforcement

A

number of responses differ before behavior is rewarded

31
Q

variable interval reinforcement

A

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time has passed

32
Q

negative reinforcement

A

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase behavior

33
Q

positive reinforcement

A

adding a desirable stimulus to increase behavior

34
Q

negative punishment

A

taking away a pleasant stimulus ti decrease/ stop behavior

35
Q

positive punishment

A

adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease/ stop the behavior

36
Q

partial reinforcement

A

rewarding behavior only some times

37
Q

primary reinforcer

A

has innate reinforcing qualities
-food, water, shelter

38
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

no inherent value unless it is linked to something else
-money, stickers, poker chips

39
Q

shaping

A

rewarding successive approximations toward target behavior

40
Q

archival research

A

using past records or data sets to answer various research questions

41
Q

clinical or case study

A

observational research study focusing on one or only a few people

42
Q

cross-sectional research

A

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

43
Q

double-blind study

A

an experiment in which both the researcher and the participants are blind to group assignments

44
Q

longitudinal research

A

studies in which the same group is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extending period of time

45
Q

replicate

A

repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research’s reliablity

46
Q

single-blind study

A

researcher knows which participants are in the experimental and control group

47
Q

survey

A

list of questions to be answered by research participants allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people

48
Q

independent variable

A

influenced or controlled variable by the experimentor
-determines the dependent variable’s result

49
Q

control group

A

the basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study
-so that experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups

50
Q

experimental group

A

designed to answer the research question
-experimental manipulation is the only difference between experimental and control group

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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