Midterm FRQ

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Question 2

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 2

unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
-ex. mouth salivating when food is in it

Question 3

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 3

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

Question 4

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 4

a stimulus that does not trigger a response

Question 5

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 5

the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

Question 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 7

extinction

Answer 7

diminishing of a conditioned response
-when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow the conditioned stimulus

Question 8

spontaneous recovery

Answer 8

reappearance of a previously extinct conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus after a rest period
-is conditioned stimulus persisting alone, conditioned response becomes extinct again

Question 9

stimulus generalization

Answer 9

organism displays conditioned response to a similar stimulus but not identical to the conditioned response

Question 10

stimulus discrimination

Answer 10

learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned response

Question 11

taste aversion (learning)

Answer 11

biological constraint on learning in which an organism learns in one trial to avoid a food whos ingestion is followed by illness

Question 12

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 12

Russian psychologist that developed classical conditioning theory
-conducted famous salivating dogs experiment

Question 13

John Watson

Answer 13

American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism
-conducted “little Albert” experiment

Question 14

“Little Albert” experiment

Answer 14

Albert was classically conditioned to fear white rats
-showed emotional behaviors can be conditioned

Question 15

associative learning

Answer 15

certain events occur together
-two stimuli
-response and consequence

Question 16

observational learning

Answer 16

learning by observing others

Question 17

model

Answer 17

pattern, plan, representative, or description to show the structure of something

Question 18

vicarious learning

Answer 18

learning the consequences of an action by watching others be reinforced or punished for it

Question 19

mirror neurons

Answer 19

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or observing others do so

Question 20

antisocial behavior

Answer 20

actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another

Question 21

prosocial behavior

Answer 21

positive, constructive behavior - opposite of antisocial

Question 22

Albert Bandura

Answer 22

researcher famous for work in observational learning
-conducted the bobo doll experiment

Question 23

Bobo doll experiment

Answer 23

kids watched adults play aggressively with an inflatable clown and then played aggressively as well when they had the chance to
-improvised new violence as well

Question 24

verbal modeling

Answer 24

description of how to properly execute behavior

Question 25

symbolic modeling

Answer 25

other than a live human -film, tv, reading, etc

Question 26

live modeling

Answer 26

watching a real person perform desired behavior

Question 27

continuous reinforcement

Answer 27

rewarding behavior every time it occurs

Question 28

fixed interval reinforcement

Answer 28

behavior rewarded after set amount of time

Question 29

fixed ratio reinforcement

Answer 29

set number of responses must occur before the behavior is rewarded

Question 30

variable ratio reinforcement

Answer 30

number of responses differ before behavior is rewarded

Question 31

variable interval reinforcement

Answer 31

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time has passed

Question 32

negative reinforcement

Answer 32

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase behavior

Question 33

positive reinforcement

Answer 33

adding a desirable stimulus to increase behavior

Question 34

negative punishment

Answer 34

taking away a pleasant stimulus ti decrease/ stop behavior

Question 35

positive punishment

Answer 35

adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease/ stop the behavior

Question 36

partial reinforcement

Answer 36

rewarding behavior only some times

Question 37

primary reinforcer

Answer 37

has innate reinforcing qualities -food, water, shelter

Question 38

secondary reinforcer

Answer 38

no inherent value unless it is linked to something else -money, stickers, poker chips

Question 39

shaping

Answer 39

rewarding successive approximations toward target behavior

Question 40

archival research

Answer 40

using past records or data sets to answer various research questions

Question 41

clinical or case study

Answer 41

observational research study focusing on one or only a few people

Question 42

cross-sectional research

Answer 42

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

Question 43

double-blind study

Answer 43

an experiment in which both the researcher and the participants are blind to group assignments

Question 44

longitudinal research

Answer 44

studies in which the same group is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extending period of time

Question 45

replicate

Answer 45

repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research's reliablity

Question 46

single-blind study

Answer 46

researcher knows which participants are in the experimental and control group

Question 47

survey

Answer 47

list of questions to be answered by research participants allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people

Question 48

independent variable

Answer 48

influenced or controlled variable by the experimentor -determines the dependent variable's result

Question 49

control group

Answer 49

the basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study -so that experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups

Question 50

experimental group

Answer 50

designed to answer the research question -experimental manipulation is the only difference between experimental and control group