Midterm II -- Ch. 12 - The Cell Cycle

Question 1

cell division

Answer 1

reproduction of cells

Question 2

cell cycle

Answer 2

the life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two daughter cells.

Question 3

genome

Answer 3

cell’s genetic information.

Question 4

chromosomes

Answer 4

packages carrying genetic material (DNA molecules);

Question 5

chromatin

Answer 5

complex DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.

Question 6

sister chromatids

Answer 6

2 joined copies of a duplicated chromosome.

Question 7

centromere

Answer 7

the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences.

Question 8

somatic cells

Answer 8

all body cells except the reproductive cells.

Question 9

gametes

Answer 9

sperm and eggs in reproductive cells.

Question 10

mitosis

Answer 10

division of genetic material in the nucleus.

Question 11

cytokinesis

Answer 11

division of the cytoplasm.

Question 12

mitotic (M) phase

Answer 12

phase of cell cycle that include mitosis and cytokinesis.

Question 13

interphase

Answer 13

dividing cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division.

Question 14

prophase

Answer 14

1st stage of mitosis; chromatin condenses into discrete chromosome, mitotic spindle begins to form, nucleolus disappears.

Question 15

prometaphase

Answer 15

2nd stage of mitosis: nuclear envelope fragments and spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosome.

Question 16

metaphase

Answer 16

3rd stage of mitosis: spindle is complete and chromosomes are attached at the metaphase plate.

Question 17

anaphase

Answer 17

4th stage in mitosis:chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.

Question 18

telophase

Answer 18

5th (and final) stage of mitosis: daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has begun.

Question 19

mitotic spindle

Answer 19

assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.

Question 20

centrosome

Answer 20

functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell’s microtubules.

Question 21

aster

Answer 21

radial array of short microtubules that extends from sac centrosome toward the plasma membrane.

Question 22

kinetochore

Answer 22

structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.

Question 23

metaphase plate

Answer 23

(imaginary) structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located

Question 24

cleavage

Answer 24

process of cytokinesis, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane.

Question 25

cleavage furrow

Answer 25

first sign of cleavage; a small groove around the cell in the surface near the old metaphase plate.

Question 26

cell plate

Answer 26

membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell; new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.

Question 27

binary fission

Answer 27

asexual production by “division in half;”

Question 28

origin of replication

Answer 28

site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.

Question 29

cell cycle control system

Answer 29

a cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that triggers and coordinated key events in the cell cycle.

Question 30

G0 phase

Answer 30

a non-dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle.

Question 31

cyclin

Answer 31

cellular protein that occurs in cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.

Question 32

density-dependent inhibition

Answer 32

phenomenon in normal animals cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.

Question 33

anchorage dependence

Answer 33

the requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.

Question 34

transformation

Answer 34

process that converts a normal cell into a cancer cell.

Question 35

benign tumor

Answer 35

a mass of abnormal cells that have too few genetic and cellular changes to survive at another site; stay at original site.

Question 36

malignant tumor

Answer 36

cells whose genetic and cellular changes enable them to spread to new tissues and impair the functions of one or more organs; cancer.

Question 37

metastasis

Answer 37

spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site; dangerous.