Midterm Numbers To Know Flashcards

(42 cards)

1
Q

watts per human power

A

100

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2
Q

melting/freezing temperature of water

A

273.15 k

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3
Q

boiling point of pure water at Earth’s atmospheric pressure

A

393.15 k

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4
Q

the approximate mechanical efficiency of most engines

A

20%

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5
Q

the approximate electrical efficiency of most electrical motors and electrical generators

A

90%

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6
Q

the age of the universe

A

13.7 billion years

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7
Q

average depth of the Earth’s ocean

A

4 km

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8
Q

the fraction of the surface of the Earth covered by ocean

A

70%

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9
Q

the approximate thickness of the Earth’s atmosphere

A

80 km

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10
Q

the age of the Earth

A

4.6 billion years

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11
Q

the first evidence of life on Earth

A

3-4 billion years ago

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12
Q

the first evidence of multi-celled organisms

A

1 billion years ago

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13
Q

life first colonizes land

A

400 million years ago

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14
Q

first mammals appeared

A

225 million years ago

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15
Q

extinction of the dinosaurs (except for birds, which survived)

A

65 million years ago

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16
Q

first hominids appeared

A

5 million years ago

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17
Q

first modern humans appeared

A

200,000 years ago

18
Q

date of the first human civilization

19
Q

start of the industrial revolution

20
Q

global human population at the start of the industrial revolution

A

1 billion people

21
Q

current human population

A

8 billion people

22
Q

current rate of human population growth

23
Q

population of the U.S.

A

300 million people

24
Q

total per capita power utilization in the U.S.

25
total per capita power utilization in the world
2 kW
26
the fraction of total energy used for industrial, transportation, commercial, and residential purposes
25%
27
the fraction of total energy derived from fossil fuel sources
85%
28
the approximate current EPR for fossil fuels
5-10
29
the approximate date that domestic oil utilization peaked in the U.S.
1975
30
the residence time of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere (life span in the atmosphere)
100 years
31
the flux of solar energy at 1 AU
1370 Wm^-2
32
the maximum solar flux at the Earth's surface
1000 Wm^-2
33
the infrared emissivity of most non-metals
1
34
the infrared emissivity of most metals
0.05
35
the specific heat of most materials
1000 J kg^-1 k^-1
36
the specific heat of liquid water
4186 J kg^-1 k^-1
37
the thermal conductivity of most non-insulating materials
1 W m^-1 k^-1
38
the daily average solar flux for the Earth (including day/night and latitude)
342 W m^-2
39
the maximum efficiency of silicon solar cells
0.25
40
the maximum efficiency of silicon solar panels
0.2
41
the average near-surface geothermal gradient (increase in temperature with depth in the Earth)
25 k/km
42
the average rate of Earth's plate motions
2 cm/year