Midterm Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Eggs accumulate in paruterine organ as segments mature in this parasite

A

mesocestoides

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2
Q

scolex has 4 suckers and no hooks in this parasite

A

mesocestoides

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3
Q

mature proglottids have a mediodorsal genital pore in this parasite

A

mesocestoides

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4
Q

gravid segments detach in this parasite

A

mesocestoides

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5
Q

are mesocestoides zoonotic

A

yes

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6
Q

distribution of mesocestoides

A

0-1% in US higher in south east

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7
Q

asexual division may result in pleural effusion in lungs of this parasite

A

mesocestoides

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8
Q

tetrathyridia are found in peritoneal cavity of mammals and reptiles and in lungs of birds infected with this parasite

A

mesocestoides

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9
Q

types of anopolocephala

A
  • A. magna
  • Anoplocepahoides mamillana
  • A. perfoliata
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10
Q

which type of anopolocephala is associated with potential pathogenicity in horses associated with infections, colic

A

A. perfoliata

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11
Q

anopolocephala hosts

A
  • horses and donkeys
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12
Q

site of infection of anopolocephala

A
  • small and large intestine
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13
Q

distribution of anopolocephala

A

global

18-22% depending on geographical region in USA

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14
Q

adult anopolocephala features

A
  • up to 1.5 m

- segments are broader than long

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15
Q

life cycle of anopolocephala

A
  • indirect

- cysticercoid in mite (IH) eaten by horse

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16
Q

intermediate host of anopolocephala

A
  • forage mites
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17
Q

pathogenesis and clinical signs of anopolocephala

A
  • asymptomatic
  • perforation, blockage, colic (81% cecal colic cases)
  • distribution of peristalsis
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18
Q

diagnosis of anopolocephala (4 ways)

A
  • eggs and proglottids in feces
  • ELISA serological test
  • PCR
  • saliva-based test
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19
Q

treatment of anopolocephala

A
  • pyrantel (2-3x dose)
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20
Q

control of anopolocephala

A
  • treating horses before moving to new pasture
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21
Q

moniezia definitive host

A
  • ruminants (young animals)
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22
Q

moniezia intermediate host

A
  • mites
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23
Q

moniezia sight of infection

A
  • small intestines
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24
Q

adult moniezia features

A
  • up to 2.0m

- segments broader than long

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25
Q

life cycle of moniezia

A
  • indirect soil (orbatid) mites

- cysticercoid in mite eaten by direct host

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26
Q

pathogenesis and clinical signs of moniezia

A
  • asymptomatic

- heavy infections - unthriftiness

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27
Q

diagnosis of moniezia

A
  • proglottids and/or eggs in feces
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28
Q

epidemiology of moniezia

A
  • calves, kids, and lambs
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29
Q

is moniezia zoonotic

A
  • yes
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30
Q

treatment of moniezia (3)

A
  • praziquantel
  • albendazole
  • other benzimidazole compounds
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31
Q

control of moniezia

A
  • reduce transmission by treating lambs, kids and calves before moving to new pasture
  • rotate pasture use
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32
Q

2 types of spirometra

A
  • spirometra mansonoides

- diphyllobothrium latum

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33
Q

is spirometra zoonotic

A
  • yes
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34
Q

direct host of spirometra mansonoides

A
  • fox, wold, raccoon, bobcat, cat and dog
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35
Q

2 IH host stages of spirometra

A
  • procercoid

- plerocercoid

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36
Q

first IH host of spirometra

A
  • zooplankton Cyclops sp.

- procercoid stage

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37
Q

second IH host of spirometra

A
  • any vertebrate except fish

- plerocercoid in flat muscle of body wall

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38
Q

zoonotic transmission of spirometra (3)

A
  • drinking water containing procercoid
  • eating plerocercoid (pig, frog, snake)
  • applying poultice to sore eyes
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39
Q

life cycle of spirometra

A
  • egg (oncosphere) -> hatch
  • coracidium (ciliated oncosphere) -> ingested
  • first IH (metacestode) -> ingested
  • second IH (metacestode) -> ingested
  • definitive host (adult) -> passed in feces
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40
Q

clinical signs of DH of spirometra

A
  • no clinical signs

- no pathological change

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41
Q

clinical signs of IH of spirometra

A
  • no clinical signs

- no lesions

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42
Q

treatment of spirometra (2)

A
  • surgery

- parziquantel

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43
Q

is diphylobothrium latum zoonotic

A
  • yes
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44
Q

life cycle of diphylobothrium latum

A
  • unembryonated egg passed in feces
  • eggs embryonate in water
  • coracidia hatch from eggs and ingested by crustaceans
  • infected crustaceans ingested by fish
  • humans ingest raw or undercooked fish
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45
Q

diagnosis of diphylobothrium latum

A
  • egs in feces
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46
Q

treatment of diphylobothrium latum

A
  • praziquantel
47
Q

control of diphylobothrium latum (2)

A
  • proper sewage treatment

- proper cooking of fish

48
Q

most common and important fluke of ruminants

A
  • fasciola hepatica
49
Q

is fasciola hepatica zoonotic

A
  • yes

- humans consume raw infected plants

50
Q

causative agent of fascioliasis (2)

A
  • liver fluke disease

- liver rot -> condemnation

51
Q

infective stage of fasciola hepatica

A
  • encysted metacercariae or vegetation
52
Q

definitive host of fasciola hepatica

A
  • ruminants
53
Q

life cycle of fasciola hepatica

A
  • unembroynated egg passed in feces
  • embryonated in water
  • mirachidia hatch and penetrate snail
  • free-swimming cercariae encyst on water plants
  • metacercariae on water plant and ingested by human, sheep or cattle
54
Q
  • massive infection larval flukes migrating through liver
  • abdominal pain
  • severe hemorrhagic anemia
  • ascites
  • sudden death
A
  • acute ovine fasicolosis
55
Q

black disease

A
  • fasciola hepatica with concurrent infections with clostridium novyi
56
Q
  • most common form
  • adult flukes in bile ducts
  • gradual loss in condition, weakness, anemia, hypoproteinemia
  • edematous sub-q swellings (bottle jaw)
A
  • chronic ovine fasicolosis
57
Q
  • liver damage (migrating flukes)
  • hemorrhage
  • coagulative necrosis
  • fibrosis
A
  • acute bovine fasicolosis
58
Q
  • most important occurring in winter/early spring
  • aberrant migration of flukes may occur
  • encapsulated parasites often seen in lungs
  • transplacental migration induces prenatal infections of fetus (rare)
  • mechanical/chemical irritation by adults/young adults
  • bile duct inflammation and fibrosis (wall thickening stenosis)
A
  • chronic bovine fasciolosis
59
Q

diagnosis of fasciola hepatica (2)

A
  • farm conditions

- eggs in feces (chronic)

60
Q

test to ID eggs in feces for fasciola hepatica (5)

A
  • sedimentation technique
  • fecal ELISA
  • glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH)
  • gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
  • passive hemagglutination test
61
Q

prevention of fasciola hepatica (2)

A
  • strategic deworming programs

- treat before fall rainy season and again in late spring

62
Q

control measures of fasciola hepatica

A
  • copper sulfate
63
Q

withdraw period of beef cattle when using Ivomec-Plus

A
  • 49 days
64
Q

bottle jaw

A
  • edematous sub-q swelling due to chronic fasciolosis
65
Q

infective stage of fasicolodies margna

A
  • metacercariae
66
Q

definitive host of fasicolodies margna

A
  • animals in which F. magna mature in thin-walled fibrous capsules within liver
  • eggs voided in feces
  • primarily in new world carvids (deer, elk, caribou)
67
Q

aberrant host of fasicolodies margna

A
  • parasite does not successfully complete migration within host
  • primarily sheep
68
Q

dead-end hosts of fasicolodies margna

A
  • flukes reach liver but rarely mature
  • few eggs produced do not reach small intestine
  • bovids, moose, llamas
69
Q

clinical signs of fasicolodies margna (2)

A
  • similar to chronic fascioliasis in cattle

- similar to acute fascioliasis in goats and sheep

70
Q

pathology of fasicolodies margna (3)

A
  • deer - little pathology
  • cattle - liver damage, economic loss
  • sheep and goats - extensive liver damage; hemorrhage and necrosis of parenchyma
71
Q

diagnosis of fasicolodies margna (4)

A
  • clinical signs
  • history of fluke infection
  • pasture conditions
  • necropsy
72
Q

treatment and prevention of fasicolodies margna (3)

A
  • anthelmintics
  • exclude deer
  • control snails
73
Q

rumen flukes that are < 1.0 cm long in sheep, cattle, cervids, water buffalo, elephant

A
  • Paramphistonmum cervi
74
Q

paramphistonmum cervi infection pathogenesis

A
  • flukes migrate to rumen -> cause of pathology (duodenal erosions)
  • once in rumen -> adults are relatively harmless
75
Q

treatment of paramphistonmum cervi

A
  • rafoxanide
  • niclofolan
  • oxyclozanide
76
Q

intermediate host of Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A
  • ants and snails
77
Q

definitive host of dicrocoelium dendriticum

A
  • sheep, cattle, deer and rabbits
78
Q

zoonosis of dicrocoelum dendriticum

A
  • rare

- can be a definitive host

79
Q

life cycle of dicrocoelum dendriticum

A
  • embryonated egg shed in feces
  • eggs ingested by snail
  • cercariae released via slime ball
  • cerarciae become metacercariae after being eaten by ant
  • host becomes infect by ingestion of ant
80
Q

effect that dicrocoelum dendriticum has on ants

A
  • alters their behavior
81
Q

life of dicrocoelum dendriticum in ruminants

A
  • migrates to common bile duct and then the liver -> flukes mature in 6 to 7 weeks
  • eggs released in feces
82
Q

clinical signs of dicrocoelum dendriticum (4)

A
  • cirrhosis
  • anemia
  • edema
  • emaciation
83
Q

diagnosis of dicrocoelum dendriticum

A
  • eggs through fecal float

- ELISA

84
Q

treatment of dicrocoelum dendriticum

A
  • albendazole

- praziquantel

85
Q

heterobilharzia americana infects

A
  • dogs, cats, raccoons, bobcats, lynx, nutria and horses
86
Q

intermediate host of heterobilharzia americana

A
  • snail
87
Q

infective stage of heterobilharzia americana

A
  • cercariae
88
Q

infection of heterobilharzia americana in humans known as

A
  • swimmer’s itch
89
Q

clinical signs of heterobilharzia americana

A
  • egg-induced inflammation of liver
  • anemia
  • edema
  • weight loss
90
Q

diagnosis of heterobilharzia americana

A
  • clinical signs
  • radiographs
  • CBC
  • blood chemistry
  • eggs in feces
91
Q

treatment of heterobilharzia americana

A
  • praziquantel

- fenbendazole

92
Q

prevention of heterobilharzia americana

A
  • avoid contact with water containing infected snails
93
Q

infective stage of nanophyetus

A
  • metacercariae
94
Q

how is nanophyetus zoonotic

A
  • ingestion of incompletely cooked salmon or trout
95
Q

DH of nanophyetus

A
  • carnivores
96
Q

nanophyetus morbidity and mortality rate

A
  • acute onset and high
97
Q

salmon poisoning caused by

A
  • neorickettsia helminthoeca

- 80-90% fatality without treatment

98
Q

how to find fluke eggs of nanophyetus

A
  • sedimentation
99
Q

Infective stage of paragonimus

A
  • metacercariae
100
Q

infective stage of paragonimus is in what animal

A
  • crayfish
101
Q

clinical signs of paragonimus

A
  • chronic cough
  • pulmonary distress
  • persistent pneumonia
102
Q

paragonimus on radiograph

A
  • singlet rings
103
Q

lung fluke disease due to what parasite

A
  • paragonimus
104
Q

DH of alaria

A
  • dogs
  • cats
  • foxes
  • minks
  • mice
105
Q

1st IH of alaria

A
  • freshwater snail
106
Q

2nd IH of alaria

A
  • tadpole (adult frog)
107
Q

transmission of alaria in lactating queens

A
  • transmammary transmission
108
Q

human fatality of alaria due to

A
  • pulmonary hemorrhage
109
Q

thorny head worm parasite

A
  • macracanthorhynchus
110
Q

parasite with no digestive tract

A
  • macracanthorhynchus
111
Q

what stage of macracanthorhynchus may re-encyst in paratenic host

A
  • cystacanth
112
Q

IH of macracanthorhynchus

A
  • beetles
113
Q

diagnosis of macracanthorhynchus

A
  • sedimentation
114
Q

how to pigs become infected with macracnthorhychus

A
  • eat beetles while rooting