Midterm Review-- What I Don't Know Flashcards
1
Q
What plane divides the body into two symmetrical sides?
A
Midsaggital plane
2
Q
What plane divides he body into a top and bottom portion?
A
Transverse plane
3
Q
What plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
A
Coronal plane
4
Q
The knee is _______ to the ankle
A
The knee is approximal to the ankle
5
Q
The wrist is ______ to the elbow
A
The wrist is distal to the elbow
6
Q
The eyes are ________ to the nose
A
The eyes are lateral to the nose
7
Q
The chin is ______ to the mouth
A
The chin is inferior to the mouth
8
Q
The epidermis is ______ to the dermis
A
The epidermis is superficial to the dermis
9
Q
The belly button is in the ______ region of the abdomen
A
The belly button is in the umbilical region of the abdomen
10
Q
The ventral body cavity is composed of what?
A
The thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
11
Q
The dorsal body cavity is composed of what?
A
The cranial cavity and spinal column
12
Q
What type of reaction consumes energy?
A
Endergonic reaction
13
Q
What type of reaction gives off energy?
A
Exergonic reaction
14
Q
What type of bond shares electrons?
A
Covalent
15
Q
What compound/molecule is abundant in acidic substances?
A
H+
16
Q
What are the 4 types of biological macromolecules?
A
Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates
17
Q
What’s the monomer of proteins?
A
Amino acids
18
Q
What’s the monomer of lipids?
A
Glycerol and a fatty acid
19
Q
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
A
Nucleotides
20
Q
What’s the monomer of carbohydrates?
A
Monosaccharides
21
Q
Are lipids polar?
A
No
22
Q
Why are phospholipids unique and important in structure?
A
They have a polar sides and a non-polar side
23
Q
What are the two types of cholesterol and which of the two is bad?
A
HDL and LDL. LDL is bad.
24
Q
What elements make up a protein?
A
C, H, O, N
25
Of the four macromolecules, which has the most variety of product?
Proteins
26
Proteins are ______
Specific
27
What are the four levels of structure of a protein?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
28
When a protein is ruined and doesn't work anymore, we say it's ______
Denatured
29
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
30
What are the three components of the monomer of nucleic acids?
Sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
31
Why is adenosine triphosphate important in the body?
It's energy currency
32
Why are concentration gradients important?
Neurons need them for action potentials
33
If a cell is in a hypotonic solution, what happens to it physically?
It gets bigger
34
If a cell is in a hypertonic solution, what happens to it physically?
It shrinks
35
In epithelial tissues, how do we categorize them?
By shape and layer
36
Where might we find stratified squamous epithelial tissue?
In the epidermis
37
List five categories of connective tissues
Loose, dense, blood, bone, and cartilage
38
What tissue type is contractile?
Muscle
39
What type of tissue conducts electricity?
Nervous tissue
40
What tissue type is fluid?
Blood
41
What are the two primary components of the integumentary system?
The skin and the accessory structures
42
What are the layers of the epidermis?
Corneum, lucedum, granulum, spinosum basele
43
What is the acronym to remember the layers of the epidermis?
Come, lets get sun burnt
44
What is the protein that fills the cells of the epidermis?
Keratin
45
What are the two types of perspiration?
Insensible and sensible
46
What is the upper layer of the dermis? What is it composed of?
The papillary layer, and it's mostly composed of irregular dense connective tissue
47
What are the two layers of the dermis?
The papillary and reticular layers
48
What is the Lowry layer of the dermis? What is it composed of?
The reticular dermis, and it's mostly composed of irregular dense connective tissue
49
How can we control the body temperature through joint efforts of the circulatory system and the integument?
The circulatory brings the blood more superficial when we're hot
50
Does the epidermis have blood vessels?
No
51
What are the two types of sweat glands and what do they produce?
Apocrine glands produce a sticky secretion, merocrine produce a salty and watery thing
52
When an injury is healing, what are the four steps?
Blood clotting, scab formation, tissue formation, and remodeling
53
What are the three types of cartilage? Which is most abundant?
Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline is most abundant
54
Where is elastic cartilage mostly found?
In the ear and epiglottis
55
What are the two areas of the skeleton?
Axial and appendicular
56
What are the four types of bones?
Long, short, irregular, and flat
57
What's an example of a flat bone?
The sternum
58
What's an example of an irregular bone?
The bones in the ear
59
What is a lacuna?
A space for osteocytes
60
What is an osteocyte?
A bone cell maintainer
61
Where could you find an osteon?
In compact bone
62
Where would you find spongy bone?
In the epiphysis and filling the bladder bones
63
Where would you find compact bone?
On the outside of bones
64
Where in the cartilage model does primary ossification begin? When?
At three months gestation and in the diaphysis
65
What four cell types are primarily involved in ossification?
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and condroclasts
66
What is intramembranous ossification?
When soft tissue turns to bone
67
What is ossification?
When cartilage turns to bone
68
What do osteoblasts do?
They build bone
69
What do osteoclasts do?
They break down bone
70
What do osteocytes do?
They maintain bone
71
What is hematopoiesis? Where does it occur?
The process of making blood cells in the red bone marrow
72
How does bone resorption work?
Osteoclasts break down bone and it goes into the bloodstream
73
Why would bone absorption occur?
To give your body minerals
74
What are fibrous/ syntharotic joints? Give an example
They're not movable, and are found in the skull
75
What are cartilaginous/amphairthrotic joints? Give an example
They're slightly movable, and are found in the pubic sympathies
76
What are synovial/diarthrotic joints? Give an example
They're freely movable joints. Found in the hip and elbow.
77
What is a bursa? How is it different from a tendon sheath?
The bursa protects joints, the tendon sheath protects tendons
78
What is the origin of movement around a joint?
The place the moving bone/ insertion is attached.
79
What is a myofiber?
A muscle cell
80
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
The ER of a muscle cell that holds calcium
81
What is the sarcoplasm?
The cytoplasm of a muscle cell
82
What is the sarcolemma?
The cell membrane of a muscle cell
83
What is a sarcomere?
The smallest contractile unit
84
How does the characteristic of elasticity relate to muscles?
It allows your muscles to snap back to their original positions
85
What are the functions of the muscular system?
Digestion, movement, stability, heat, posture, and vision
86
What type(s) of muscle have more than one nucleus?
Skeletal
87
What type(s) of muscle are striated?
Skeletal and cardiac
88
What type(s) of muscle aren't striated?
Smooth muscle
89
What systems work together to make a muscle function?
Cardiovascular, excretory, nervous, and digestive
90
Why is blood supply important to a muscle?
So lactic acid doesn't build up
91
What is the epimysium?
The outermost connective tissue layer of a muscle cell
92
What is the perimysium?
It surrounds the fascicles of the muscle cell
93
What are fascicles?
Bundles of myofibrils in muscle cells
94
What band of the muscle shortens during contraction?
The I band
95
What binds with calcium in a muscle contraction?
Troponin
96
What connective tissue surrounds the outside of the muscle?
The epimysium
97
What connective tissue surrounds each fascicle?
Perimysium
98
What happens during a muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine reaches the NMJ and binds with receptors, which sends the action potential down the t-tubules. This opens the voltage gated potentials, which release calcium. Calcium binds with troponin and exposes the actin binding site, and the crossbridge cycle occurs.
99
What area defines where the neuron meets the muscle?
NMJ
100
What chemical communicates between a motor neuron and a muscle?
Acetylcholine
101
What's an isometric contraction?
When the muscle doesn't shorten because the load is greater than the force
102
What's an isotonic contraction?
The muscle shortens because the force is greater than the load
103
What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron and all its fibers it innervates
104
What is a muscle twitch?
One short contractive event
105
What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
CNS and PNS
106
What are the two divisions of the PNS?
Afferent and efferent
107
What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Afferent and efferent
108
How is the efferent division further divided?
Somatic and autonomic
109
How is the autonomic nervous system further divided?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
110
What are the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
Sympathetic causes flight or flight, parasympathetic controls digestion and calms you down
111
What are the two different cell types in the nervous system?
Neuron and neuroglia
112
What common organelle does a neuron not have?
Centrioles
113
What are the three types of neurons?
Unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar
114
What are the characteristics of unipolar neurons?
They're usually sensory neurons
115
What are the characteristics of bipolar neurons?
They have one dendrite and one axon, and are found in the special sensory areas
116
What are the characteristics of multipolar neurons?
They have many dendrites, one axon, and make up most motor neurons and neurons in the CNS
117
What neuroglia cells are in the CNS?
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
118
What do astrocytes do?
They protect the CNS from toxins and help with growth
119
What do oligodendrocytes do?
They mylinate cells in the CNS
120
What do microglia do?
They control immune responses in the CNS
121
What do ependymal cells do?
They make and circulate CSF throughout the CNS
122
What neuroglia cells are in the PNS? What do they do?
Schwann cells myelinate, satellite cells protect cell bodies
123
What is an electrochemical gradient?
The electrical potential generated by the gradient of specific ions on either side of a membrane
124
What are the three types of gated channels in the nervous system?
Mechanical, chemical, and voltage gated channels
125
How is a graded potential different from an action potential?
Graded potentials aren't all or none, and they can be positive or negative; action potentials are all or none
126
What resets the balance of ions across the membrane after an action potential?
The sodium potassium pump
127
When sodium crosses the membrane, is the membrane depolarized or hyperpolarized?
Depolarizer
128
When sodium crosses the membrane, is the membrane depolarized or hyperpolarized?
Hyperpolarized
129
What is the relationship between axon diameter and the speed of transmission?
The larger the axon, the faster
130
Define continuous propagation
An unmyelinated neuron when there's lots of depolarization events (slow transmission)
131
Define saltatory propagation
A myelinated neuron when there's depolarization at the Nodes of Ranvier, which means fewer depolarization events and faster transmission
132
What does a noiceceptor do?
It detects pain
133
What does it mean if a nerve is mixed?
It means it has both afferent and efferent
134
What is the acronym to remember the cranial nerves?
On occasion, our trusted truck acts funny. Very good vehicle any how.
135
Are spinal nerves mixed?
Yes
136
What is the name of the spinal nerve that leaves under the L4 vertebra?
L4
137
What are the 5 steps of a reflex?
Sensory reception, afferent neuron transition, interneurons communication, efferent neuron transmission, effection
138
Is the brain involved in a reflex arc?
Nope
139
Ipsilateral vs contralateral reflexes
Ipsilateral doesn't cross the spinal cord
140
Where does parasympathetic innervation leave the CNS?
Cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerves
141
Where does sympathetic innervation leave the CNS?
Thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
142
What organ senses sound?
Cochlea
143
What organ senses static equilibrium?
Vestibule
144
What organ senses dynamic equilibrium?
Semicircular canals
145
Where is the olfactory epithelium?
Superior nasal cavity
146
What cranial nerve contains vestibular and cochlear neurons?
Cranial nerve VIII (vestibularcochlear nerve)
147
What cranial nerve contains olfactory neurons?
Cranial nerve I, olfactory nerve
148
Where are taste buds located?
On the sides of the papillae on the tongue
