Flashcards in MidtermSci Deck (148):
1
What is Science
observation/explanation/testing/validation
1
hypothesis
formulation of an idea
2
Scientific Law
observations that can be repeated and are consistent/not necessarily unbreakable
2
Scientific Principle
more specific than a law but not always clearly
3
Models
covey ideas...assemble observations into transferable information
3
Theory
explanation that is widely accepted on the basis of extensive testing
4
Non Science
untestable and varied..art/religion/philosophy etc
4
Psuedoscience
using science in the realm of non-science...undermines the value of scientific inquiry... disregards valid evidence
5
science can
forward human development.quality of life. dispel fears.advise the use of resources.not solve all problems.a human endeavor
5
length
defined by how far light travels in a vacuum in a very short time
6
mass
defined by a platinum iridium cylinder at the international bureau of weights and measures in france
6
time
defined by the fluorescence frequency of cesium atom
7
metrology
study of measurements.start and end of science.strive to lower uncertainty
7
significant digits
degree of precision
8
error
range of observational accuracy
8
scientific notation
10^6 means 1000000 so the 10 with 5 o's or 10 E 6
9
Metic mass determined by
international bureau of weights and measures in
9
p
density
10
little v big V
velocity/volume
10
little a big A
acceleration. area
11
s
speed
11
m
mass
12
t
time
12
velocity
m/s
rate of change in distance over time
meters per second
13
acceleration
m/s^2
rate of change in velocity
change in velocity/change in time
meters per second squared
13
density
mass per unit volume
measured in kilograms per meter cubed
14
pressure
force per unit area F/A
measured in kg/ms^2 or N/m^2
14
force
Newton
1kgm/s^2
forces out of balance produces change
F=ma
15
three arrows of time
hawking
Thermodynamic
Psychological
Cosmological
15
thermodynamic-time
direction in which disorder increases
16
psychological-time
direction in which we remember the past and not the future
16
cosmological-time
direction in which the universe expands or contracts
17
time cycles revealed by
sunrise noon sunset. position of sun. appearance of starts
17
aztec calendar
based on position of venus in sky
18
stonehenge
druid solar/lunar calendar
18
seconds as SI unit
defined by atomic vibrations
19
used to help keep time with atomic clock
leap seconds/year
19
apparent solar day
consecutive meridian crossings of the sun noon to noon
20
tropical year
interval between spring equinoxes
20
month
linked to the phases of the moon
egyptians first 12 month solar year
21
days for full moon
29.5 when it reaches line that passes through the sun earth and moon
21
variables
observed changes
y dependent effect
x axis independent cause
22
motion
change in position relative to some frame of reference over a period of time
Speed= displacement/elapsed time
ft(km)/ h(s)
22
velocity
vector quantity
(due west at 80 km/h)
23
arrows provide
magnitude and direction
23
scalars v vectors
speed is scalar
velocity is vector
vector x scalar=vector
24
slope
change in y / change in x
24
Ways to accelerate
4 increase speed
slow down
change direction
change direction and speed
25
types of forces
contact interaction
interaction at a distance
25
two forces act in same direction
directly opposing forces
balanced
add together
are subtracted
resultant is zero
26
inertia
in the absence of an unbalanced force an object persists in its state of motion at rest
26
galileo
did first scientific observational and thought experiments on gravity
27
Newton first law of motion
every object stays at rest until acted upon
an object at constant velocity has a net force of zero
27
Newton second law of motion
acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it
F=ma
Force = mass x acceleration
Newton 1kgm/s^2
28
Weight
w=mg
28
little g
gravity due to acceleration
earth 9.8 m/s^2
29
Newton third law of motion
when two objects interact. the force on one object is equal in size and opposite in direction to the force exerted on the other object = and opposite reaction
29
momentum
p=mv mass of an object times its velocity
30
law of conservation of momentum
in the absence of external forces, the total momentum of a group of interacting objects remains the same
ex. cue ball hits other ball...sum of momentum of both balls equals cue balls original momentum
30
centripetal force
center directed force a=v^2/r
the smaller the radius. the greater the acceleration needed to maintain uniform circular motion
30
gravity
a force
can accelerate objects
little g= earth's acceleration due to gravity 9.8m/s^2 32ft/s^2
acts on objects at all times
independent of any motion an object may have
30
compound motion
vertical horizontal inclined
31
pressure
force applied over an area
Pa=pressure
N/m^2=Pa Pa=F/A
31
Work
Joules=1 kgm2/s^2
w=Fd
requires a change in distance(a displacement)
no change in distance...no work done
32
Power
Watts=1 kgm^2/s^3
P=W/time
the rate at which work is done
32
Potential Energy
the ability to do work
=mgh
33
Kinetic Energy
energy in motion
=PE
PE lost=KE gained
33
Types of energy
Mechanical Chemical Radiant Electrical Nuclear
34
First law of Thermodynamics
energy may be converted from one form to another but the total amount of energy is the same
34
atoms
small unit of matter
35
elements
specific type of atom
atoms characterized by a unique number of protons to produce limited arrangement of electrons
35
compounds
combined atoms in a specific ratio
36
molecules
bound group of atoms...smallest fraction of matter that retains the characteristics of the substance
36
Low to high energy in a state
solid liquid gas plasma
higher heat higher energy
37
solids
atoms strongly bound to one another
bonding limits movement
37
liquid
limited bonding rapidly changing
38
gas
very little bonding no form
kinetic movement/translation rotation vibration
38
plasma
no bonding made of charged ions of atoms
39
how many atoms in a period
3 million across
39
diffusion
gas distributed evenly thoughout the room through random movement
higher temp faster diffusion
40
absolute zero
-273 degrees C
where energy is minimized
40
External Energy
total kinetic and potental energy an object has because of its speed, position etc
does not depend on the temperature of the object
41
Internal Energy
total kinetic and potential energy of the molecules that make up the object
kinetic energy pulsing twisting rotating of molecules or atoms
depends on temperature density volume pressure
41
difference between heat and temperature
temperature is a measure of the internal kinetic energy only
heat is a measure of the total internal energy including the energy associated with the bonds between atoms
42
Heat
heat is energy
a measure of the internal energy that has been absorbed by a body or transferred from one body to another
heating and cooling-direction of energy transfer...into or out of a body
Joules...measured in
42
Specific heat
related to the internal structure and bonding
different materials require different amounts of heat input to raise their temperatures a given amount
quantity of heat =Q
43
heat capacity
amount of energy required to raise a substances temperature by a given amount
43
motion
change in position relative to some frame of reference over a period of time
Speed= displacement/elapsed time
ft(km)/ h(s)
44
velocity
vector quantity
(due west at 80 km/h)
44
velocity
vector quantity
(due west at 80 km/h)
45
arrows provide
magnitude and direction
45
arrows provide
magnitude and direction
46
scalars v vectors
speed is scalar
velocity is vector
vector x scalar=vector
46
scalars v vectors
speed is scalar
velocity is vector
vector x scalar=vector
47
slope
change in y / change in x
47
slope
change in y / change in x
48
Ways to accelerate
4 increase speed
slow down
change direction
change direction and speed
48
Ways to accelerate
4 increase speed
slow down
change direction
change direction and speed
49
types of forces
contact interaction
interaction at a distance
49
types of forces
contact interaction
interaction at a distance
50
two forces act in same direction
directly opposing forces
balanced
add together
are subtracted
resultant is zero
50
two forces act in same direction
directly opposing forces
balanced
add together
are subtracted
resultant is zero
51
inertia
in the absence of an unbalanced force an object persists in its state of motion at rest
51
inertia
in the absence of an unbalanced force an object persists in its state of motion at rest
52
galileo
did first scientific observational and thought experiments on gravity
52
galileo
did first scientific observational and thought experiments on gravity
53
Newton first law of motion
every object stays at rest until acted upon
53
Newton first law of motion
every object stays at rest until acted upon
an object at constant velocity has a net force of zero
54
Newton second law of motion
acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it
F=ma
Force = mass x acceleration
Newton 1kgm/s^2
54
Newton second law of motion
acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it
F=ma
Force = mass x acceleration
Newton 1kgm/s^2
55
Weight
w=mg
55
Weight
w=mg
56
little g
gravity due to acceleration
earth 9.8 m/s^2
56
little g
gravity due to acceleration
earth 9.8 m/s^2
57
Newton third law of motion
when two objects interact. the force on one object is equal in size and opposite in direction to the force exerted on the other object = and opposite reaction
57
Newton third law of motion
when two objects interact. the force on one object is equal in size and opposite in direction to the force exerted on the other object = and opposite reaction
58
momentum
p=mv mass of an object times its velocity
58
momentum
p=mv mass of an object times its velocity
59
law of conservation of momentum
in the absence of external forces, the total momentum of a group of interacting objects remains the same
59
law of conservation of momentum
in the absence of external forces, the total momentum of a group of interacting objects remains the same
ex. cue ball hits other ball...sum of momentum of both balls equals cue balls original momentum
60
centripetal force
center directed force a=v^2/r
the smaller the radius. the greater the acceleration needed to maintain uniform circular motion
61
gravity
a force
can accelerate objects
little g= earth's acceleration due to gravity 9.8m/s^2 32ft/s^2
acts on objects at all times
independent of any motion an object may have
62
compound motion
vertical horizontal inclined
63
pressure
force applied over an area
Pa=pressure
N/m^2=Pa Pa=F/A
64
Work
Joules=1 kgm2/s^2
w=Fd
requires a change in distance(a displacement)
no change in distance...no work done
65
Power
Watts=1 kgm^2/s^3
P=W/time
the rate at which work is done
66
Potential Energy
the ability to do work
=mgh
67
Kinetic Energy
energy in motion
=PE
PE lost=KE gained
68
Types of energy
Mechanical Chemical Radiant Electrical Nuclear
69
First law of Thermodynamics
energy may be conberted from one form to another but the total amount of energy is the same
70
atoms
small unit of matter
71
elements
specific type of atom
atoms characterized by a unique number of protons to produce limited arrangement of electrons
72
compounds
combined atoms in a specific ratio
73
molecules
bound group of atoms...smallest fraction of matter that retains the characteristics of the substance
74
Low to high energy in a state
solid liquid gas plasma
higher heat higher energy
75
solids
atoms strongly bound to one another
bonding limits movement
76
liquid
limited bonding rapidly changing
77
gas
very little bonding no form
kinetic movement/translation rotation vibration
78
plasma
no bonding made of charged ions of atoms
79
how many atoms in a period
3 million across
80
diffusion
gas distributed evenly thoughout the room through random movement
higher temp faster diffusion
81
absolute zero
-273 degrees C
where energy is minimized
82
External Energy
total kinetic and potental energy an object has because of its speed, position etc
does not depend on the temperature of the object
83
Internal Energy
total kinetic and potential energy of the molecules that make up the object
kinetic energy pulsing twisting rotating of molecules or atoms
depends on temperature density volume pressure
84
difference between heat and temperature
temperature is a measure of the internal kinetic energy only
heat is a measure of the total internal energy including the energy associated with the bonds between atoms
85
Heat
heat is energy
a measure of the internal energy that has been absorbed by a body or transferred from one body to another
heating and cooling-direction of energy transfer...into or out of a body
Joules...measured in
86
Specific heat
related to the internal structure and bonding
different materials require different amounts of heat input to raise their temperatures a given amount
quantity of heat =Q
87