Mod 2: Med Terms/A&P (5%) Flashcards
(271 cards)
1
Q
sx: cellulitis
A
skin swollen, red, and hot
2
Q
cause: cellulitis
A
bacteria (streptococcus/staphylococcus)
3
Q
tx: cellulitis
A
- rest area
- cut away dead tissue
- antibiotics
4
Q
sx: dermatitis
A
- red itchy rash
- blisters
- oil scales
5
Q
cause: dermatitis
A
allergen
6
Q
dx: dermatitis
A
physical exam
7
Q
tx: dermatitis
A
- moisturizers
- steroid creams
8
Q
sx: ezcema
A
- red, itchy skin
- crusted blisters
9
Q
cause: ezcema
A
heredity and environmental factors
10
Q
tx: ezcema
A
- mild fragrance-free soap and moisturizers
- steroid creams
- antihistamines
11
Q
dx: ezcema
A
physical exam
12
Q
sx: basal cell carcinoma
A
waxy bump/skin sore not healing with within 2 months and continues to grow
13
Q
cause: basal cell carcinoma
A
damage to DNA of basal cells from Ultraviolet B
14
Q
dx: basal cell carcinoma
A
physical exam biopsy
15
Q
tx: basal cell carcinoma
A
- surgical excision
- liquid nitrogen freezing
- curettage
16
Q
sx: melanoma
A
mole with asymmetry, rough/irregular border, nonuniform color, and diameter > 1/4 in
17
Q
cause: melanoma
A
excessive exposure to UVB
18
Q
what are sources of UVB?
A
sun and tanning beds
19
Q
dx: melanoma
A
physical exam and biopsy
20
Q
tx: melanoma
A
surgery and radiation
21
Q
purpose of cytoplasm
A
suspend organelles & chemical reactions
22
Q
purpose of nucleolus
A
forms RNAs and ribosomes
23
Q
purpose of ribosomes
A
protein synthesis
24
Q
purpose of centrioles
A
cell reproduction
25
purpose of lysosomes
digest waste
26
purpose of endoplasmic reticulum
transport materials
27
purpose of rough endoplasmic reticulum
synthesis and transport of proteins
28
purpose of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesis of some lipid molecules
29
purpose of Golgi Apparatus
pack & release materials/forms lysosomes
30
list the purpose of the skin
- protection
- temp regulation
- sensation
- excretion
- vitamin D production
31
list the purpose of the sebaceous glands
- keep skin and hair soft
- kill bacteria
32
list the purpose of sudoriferous glands
produce sweat to cool the body
33
describe lymph nodes
home to macrophages & filter lymph
34
define lymph nodules
lymphoid tissue masses of macrophages & lymphocytes and not encapsulated like nodes
35
purpose of thymus
produce & mature T cells
36
what is the largest lymphoid organ
spleen
37
what is the home of macrophages and filters blood
spleen
38
lymph is
insterstitial fluid collected and filtered
39
aka: immunoglobulins
antibodies
40
define B-cells
lymphocyte that recognizes antigens and turns into plasma cells to create antibodies
41
define T cells
lymphocyte that kills infected cells
42
aka: monocytes
phagocytes
43
if someone was sick and now has antibodies, what type of immunity is this
naturally acquired active
44
if someone received a vaccine, what type of immunity is this
artificially acquired active
45
if an infant received antibodies from placenta and breast milk, what type of immunity is this
naturally acquired passive
46
antibodies from blood products are what type of immunity
artificially acquired passive
47
aka: bicuspid valve
mitral valve
48
this valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle
tricuspid
49
this valve is in between the left atrium and left ventricle
bicuspid
50
define the ALIMENTARY CANAL
primary organs of digestive system
51
how many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves are there
12 cranial & 31 spinal
52
purpose of cytoplasm in nervous system
produce neurotransmitters and energy for neuron
53
describe the EPIDIDYMIS
superior to each testis and matures sperm
54
purpose of VAS DEFERENS
connects epididymis to urethra
55
purpose of SEMINAL VESICLES
secrete seminal fluids to stimulate muscle contractions in femal organs
56
describe PROSTATE GLAND
surrounds proximal urethra contracting during ejaculation to propel sperm and secrete fluid protecting sperm from vagina
57
describe BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
inferior to prostate that lubricates penis for sex
58
aka: bulbourethral glands
cowper's glands
59
define TESTOSTERONE
most abundant and biologically active male sex hormone
60
purpose of OVARIES
make ova, estrogen, and progesterone
61
define ESTRADIOL
most abundant and biologically active female sex hormone
62
sx: sprain
painful swelling/bruising of joint area & decreased ROM
63
dx: sprain
physical exam and imaging
64
tx: sprain
RICE
65
cause: osteoporosis
malnutrition, inadequate Ca intake/absorption, endocrine disorders, immobile/lack of exercise, aging
66
dx: osteoporosis
bone density DEXA scan
67
tx: osteoarthritis
PT, exercise, steroid injections, joint replacement
68
sx: osteoarthritis
pain w/joint movement, stiffness in joint during inactivity, lack of flexibility
69
dx: rheumatoid arthritis
physical exam, blood test, imaging
70
tx: rheumatoid arthritis
PT, medication
71
sx: gout
red, hot swollen joint
72
dx: gout
joint aspiration & microscopic evaluation of crystals
73
tx: gout
anti-inflammatory meds & dietary adjustments
74
sx: muscular dystrophy
chronic & progressive muscle weakness, paralysis
75
cause of muscular dystrophy
inherited/spontaneous genetic mutation
76
dx: muscular dystrophy
pt history, physical exam, muscle enzyme tests, electromyography, muscle biopsy, genetic testing
77
tx: muscular dystrophy
PT, ambulatory devices, meds
78
sx: myopathy
muscle weakness, cramps, stiffness, spasms, tetany
79
cause of myopathy
disease
80
tx: myopathy
tx of underlying cause, PT, meds, braces, surgery, massage
81
cause of myalgia
injury, viral infection, overuse, meds/vaccines
82
tx: myalgia
tx underlying cause, massage, heat/cold, analgesics & muscle relaxants
83
sx: repetitive stress disorder (RSD)
pain, tingling, numbness, swelling, loss of flexibility and muscle weakness
84
cause of repetitive stress disorder
repetitive tasks, forceful exertion, vibration, mechanical compression, sustained uncomfortable positions
85
dx: repetitive stress disorder
physical exam, pt history, imaging
86
tx: repetitive stress disorder
anti-inflammatory, meds, rest, splinting, massage, surgery
87
sx: shin splint
pain & swelling lower leg
88
dx: shin splint
physical exam & pt history
89
cause of shin splints
repeated stress of tibia & connective tissues
90
tx: shin splints
RICE & surgery
91
sx: anemia
fatigue, dizziness, cold extremities, headache, irregular heartbeat
92
cause of anemia
blood loss, dysfunction creating hemoglobin, excessive destruction of RBC
93
dx: anemia
blood test
94
tx: anemia
tx cause, increase iron or vitamin K, blood transfusion
95
sx: atherosclerosis
chest pain, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), peripheral artery disease, kidney disfunction
96
dx: atherosclerosis
physical exam, pt history, blood test, doppler ultrasound, EKG, stress test, angiogram, CT/MRI
97
tx: atherosclerosis
healthy diet, exercise, meds, angioplasty, stents, endarterectomy, bypass surgery
98
sx: congestive heart failure
fatigue, peripheral edema, SOB
99
cause CHF
coronary artery disease, high BP, cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, heart defects
100
dx: congestive heart failure
medical history, physical exam, blood test, EKG, echocardiogram, chest xray
101
tx: CHF
weight loss, control BP, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers
102
sx: hemophilia
excessive bleeding, frequent bruising
103
cause of hemophilia
absence of clotting factors bc of genetics
104
dx: hemophilia
family history, physical exam, blood tests
105
tx: hemophilia
replacement therapy
106
sx: hypertension
high BP, headaches, irregular heart rhythms, vision changes, chest pain
107
cause of hypertension
genetics, smoking, obesity, stress, too much salt intake
108
dx hypertension
consistently high P over 2 or 3 office visits over course of 1-4 weeks
109
tx: hypertension
medications, weight management, healthy diet, stress reduction
110
sx: myocardial infarction
acute chest pain, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, profuse sweating
111
dx: MI
EKG & blood test
112
tx: MI
fibrinolytic agents, diagnostic angiogram, stenting, bypass surgery
113
sx: acute renal failure
decreased urine output, fluid retention, fatigue, SOB, confusion, nausea
114
dx: acute renal failure
observation of urine output, blood test, urinalysis, imaging
115
tx: acute renal failure
tx underlying cause, meds, hemodialysis
116
sx: chronic renal failure
asymptomatic in early stages, high BP, geel generally ill & fatigue
117
dx: chronic renal failure
blood test
118
tx: chronic renal failure
control BP, hemodialysis
119
sx: renal calculi
severe episodes of back & side pain, pain w/urination, dark/foul smelling urine, nausea, frequent urination, fever, chills
120
dx: renal calculi
blood test, urine test, imagin
121
tx: renal calculi
drink water, pain reliever, lithotripsy
122
dx: urine incontinence
urinalysis, medical history, physical exam
123
tx: urine incontinence
kegel & surgery
124
sx: urinary tract infection
persistent urge to urinate, burning w/urination, strong smelling cloudy urine, pelvic or flank pain
125
cause of UTI
infection gen caused by E coli
126
dx: UTI
urinalysis, urine cultures, imaging
127
tx: UTI
antibiotics
128
sx: appendicitis
pain in RLQ, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, abdominal swelling, fever
129
cause of appendicitis
blockage of appendix opening causing buildup up of bacteria
130
dx: appendicitis
pt history, blood & urine tests, imaging
131
tx appendicitis
appendectomy
132
sx celiac disease
anemia, diarrhea, gas, bloating, weight loss, fatigue
133
dx celiac disease
physical exam, med history, blood test, antibody test, endoscopy w/biopsy
134
tx celiac disease
avoid gluten
135
sx colorectal cancer
asymptomatic in early stages, fatigue, irregular bowel movements, blood in feces, cramps, bloating, weight loss
136
risk factors for colorectal cancer include
high-fat diet, family history, IBD
137
dx colorectal cancer
barium enema or colonoscopy
138
tx colorectal cancer
surgical removal & chemotherapy
139
sx diverticulosis
asymptomatic, pain in LLQ, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting
140
cause of diverticulosis
high pressure pressing against weak areas of colon wall
141
dx diverticulosis
colonoscopy
142
tx diverticulosis
antibiotics
143
sx GERD
heartburn, nausea after eating, difficulty swallowing
144
cause of GERD
lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction
145
dx GERD
upper endoscopy, test amount of acid in esophagus
146
tx GERD
lifestyle/dietary changes, antacids, surgery
147
sx acute respiratory distress (ARDS)
SOB, low BP, rapid breathing, sx gen after injury
148
cause of ARDS
fluid buildup in alveoli blocking oxygen from passing into blood stream
149
dx ARDS
arterial blood gas analysis, chest xray
150
tx ARDS
O2 therapy, mechanical ventilation, antibiotics
151
dx asthma
pulmonary function test
152
sx bronchitis
SOB, fever, chills, fatigue, coughing, production of mucus
153
dx bronchitis
physical exam, auscultation, chest xray, pulmonary function test
154
sx chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
chest tightness, productive cough, wheezing, SOB w/activity
155
define COPD
condition where airflow in and out of lungs blocked gen bc of a combo of emphysema and bronchitis
156
dx COPD
pt history, pulmonary function test, chest xray, CT scan
157
tx COPD
smoking cessation, meds, O2 therapy
158
sx rhinitis
sneezing, coughing, runny nose, watering eyes, pressure in ears
159
define rhinitis
irritation & inflammation of mucous membranes in nose along w/excessive production of mucus
160
dx rhinitis
physical exam
161
tx rhinitis
corticosteroids & antihistamines
162
sx alzheimers
memory loss, imapired judgement/language, inability to perform activities of daily living, inability to reason, paranoia, agitation
163
cause of alzheimers
brogressive destruction of brain cells
164
sx cerebral concussion
distorted vision, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light/noise, inability to concentrate
165
cause of cerebral concussion
traumatic Brian injury
166
tx cerebral concussion
observation and rest for 7-10 days
167
sx sciatica
sharp/dull/burning pain radiating from lumbar spine to butt and down back of legs
168
cause of sciatica
generally herniated disk, bone spur, tumor
169
tx sciatica
muscle relaxants, anti-inflammatories, PT, corticosteroids
170
dx sciatica
test muscle strength & reflexes, imaging
171
sx CVA
facial muscle weakness, arm droop, speech abnormalities, others dependent on location in brain
172
cause of stroke
decrease in blood supply to brain or rupture of blood vessel
173
dx stroke
Neuro exam, CT/MRI scan, Doppler ultrasound, arteriography
174
sx shingles
blisters and pain on skin in band like pattern following path of nerves
175
tx shingles
antivirals & analgesics
176
cause of Cushing syndroms
overuse of oral corticosteroids, hypersecretion of glucocorticoids
177
tx cushings
meds to lower glucocortcoids
178
define type 1 diabetes mellitus
lack of insulin production
179
define type 2 diabetes mellitus
insulin resistance
180
sx hyperthyroidism
sudden weight loss, rapid heartbeat, increased appetite, anxiety, tremor, sweating, frequent bowel movements, enlarged thyroid gland
181
dx hyperthyroidism
physical exam, blood test, radioactive iodine uptake test, thyroid scan
182
tx hyperthyroidism
antithyroid medications, oral radioactive iodine
183
sx hypothyroidism
increasing tiredness, dry skin, constipation, weight gain
184
tx hypothyroidism
synthetic hormone levothyroxine
185
sx graves disease
goiiter, increased heartbeat, muscle weakness, disturbed sleep, tremor, weight loss, anxiety, irritability, bulging eyes
186
tx graves disease
radioactive iodine therapy, antithyroid medications, beta blockers, surgery
187
sx candidiasis
vaginal itching, burning w/urination, white vaginal discharge
188
dx candidiasis
vaginal discharge
189
sx ectopic pregnancy
abdominal/pelvic pain with light bleeding, severe pain and bleeding
190
dx ectopic pregnancy
physical exam, blood test, ultrasound
191
sx genital herpes
pain, itching, sores in genital area, flu-like sx
192
dx genital herpes
physical exam, testing of sores
193
which disease is indicated if a pt presented w/a waxy bump on the skin that has been growing for 4 months
basal cell carcinoma
194
Abd stands for
abdomen
195
ABGs stand for
arterial blood gases
196
a.c. stands for
before meals
197
ACLS stands for
advance cardiac life support
198
Ad lib stands for
as desired
199
AKA stands for
above the knee amputation
200
AMA stands for
against medical advice
201
ASA stands for
aspirin
202
BE stands for
barium enema
203
BKA stands for
below the knee amputation
204
BM stands for
bowel movement
205
C&S stands for
culture & sensitivity
206
C stands for
celsius
207
Ca stands for
calcium or cancer
208
CABG stands for
coronary artery bypass graft
209
CAD stands for
coronary artery disease
210
CP stands for
chest pain
211
cm stands for
centimeter
212
c/o stands for
complains of
213
Csf stands for
cerebrospinal fluid
214
BRP stands for
bathroom priviliges
215
BSA stands for
body surface area
216
BUN stands for
blood urea nitrogen
217
Bx stands for
biopsy
218
D/C or dc stands for
discontinue or discharge
219
DM stands for
diabetes mellitus
220
DTAP stands for
diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine
221
F stands for
farenheit
222
FBS or FBG stands for
fasting blood sugar/glucose
223
f/u stands for
follow up
224
FUO stands for
fever of unknown origin
225
Fx stands for
fracture
226
GTT stands for
glucose tolerance test
227
gtt stands for
drop
228
GU stands for
genitourinary
229
H or hr stands for
hour
230
Hct stands for
hematocrit
231
HG stands for
heart failure
232
HEENT stands for
head, ears, eyes, nose, and throat
233
Hgb stands for
hemoglobin
234
NB stands for
newborn
235
NG stands for
nasogastric
236
NKA/NKDA stands for
no known allergies/no known drug allergies
237
NS stands for
normal saline
238
OC stands for
oral contraceptive
239
OOB stands for
out of bed
240
OP stands for
outpatient
241
PA stands for
posteroanterior, physician assistant
242
p.c. stands for
after meals
243
PE stands for
physical exam, pulmonary embolism
244
R stands for
right
245
RA stands for
rheumatoid arthritis
246
RLE stands for
right lower extremity
247
N/V stands for
nausea/vomiting
248
RLL stands for
right lower lobe
249
R/O stands for
rule out
250
RUE stands for
right upper extremetiy
251
s with a line above it stands for
without
252
T&A stands for
tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
253
TIA stands for
transient ischemic attack
254
VS stands for
vital signs
255
WNL stands for
within normal limits
256
YO or y/o stands for
years old
257
define DEXTRAD
toward the right
258
define SINISTRAD
toward the left
259
list out Erikson's stages of development
- trust v mistrust
- autonomy v doubt
- initiative v guilt
- industry v inferiority
- identity v role confusion
- intimacy v isolation
- generativity v stagnation
- ego integrity v despair
260
define the defense mechanism CONVERSION
transform anxiety into physical sx with no cause
261
define the defense mechanism of DISPLACEMENT
redirection of emotions away from original subject/object onto another less-threatening subject/object
262
define the defense mechanism of IDENTIFICATION
attribution of characteristics of someone else to oneself or the imitation of another
263
define the defense mechanism of INTELLECTUALIZATION
analysis of situation w/facts and not emotions
264
define the defense mechanism of INTROJECTION
adoption of thoughts/feelings of others
265
define the defense mechanism of PROJECTION
transference of person's unpleasant ideas & emotions onto someone/something else
266
define the defense mechanism RATIONALIZATION
explanation that makes something negative/unacceptable seem justifiable
267
define the defense mechanism REACTION FORMATION
belief in and expression of opposite of one's true feelings
268
define the defense mechanism SUBLIMATION
rechanneling unacceptable urges/drives into something constructive or acceptable
269
what is the difference between suppression and repression
suppression is conscious and voluntary while repression in unconsciously blocking from memory
270
define the defense mechanism UNDOING
cancelling out an unacceptable behavior w/a symbolic gesture
271
