Flashcards in MOD Deck (186)
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180
How does hiv raise cancer risk?
Lower immune system therefore increased risk of carcinogenic infection such as karposi's sarcoma
181
What is knudsons two hit hypothesis?
Both copies of a gene must be defective for a tumour suppressor gene to be deactivated. If one is defective due inherited mutation then you are much much more likely to experience the deactivation as only one further mutation is required.
182
How many copies of a gene need to be mutated to turn a protoncogene into an oncogene
One, it is upregulation.
183
What do protoncogenes commonly code for?
Growth factors (e.g. Pdgf)
Growth factor receptors (e.g. HER2)
Signal transducers (e.g. RAS activating cyclin D)
Cyclins
Transcription factors
184
Other than oncogenes and protooncogenes what other mutations can increase cancer risk?
Give examples
Dna repair genes
Xeroderma pigmentosum - mutation in nucleotide excision repair gene responsible for repairing UV damage
HNPCC - mutation in mismatch repair gene
Familial Ca breast - BRCA1/2 repair double stranded DNA breaks therefore mutation increases risk of translocation or gene loss.
185