3 States of Health
- Desirable Nutrition
- Overnutrition
- Undernutrition (Malnutrition)
Nutritional Assessment
A - Anthropometric B - Biological C - Clinical D - Dietary E - Environmental
MyPlate Concepts
- Balance
- Moderation
- Variety
Essential Nutrients
Protein, Fat/Lipids, Carbohydrates, Vitamins, Minerals, Water
Macronutrient
needed in large amounts in the body (protein, carbohydrates, lipids/fat, water
Micronutrient
needed in small amounts in the body (vitamins, minerals)
Organic
compound that contains carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic
any substance that does not contain carbon (minerals, water)
Carbohydrates’ function
primary source of energy
Proteins’ function
energy source, structure, and regulation
Fats/Lipids’ function
energy source, structure, and regulation
Vitamins’ function
regulation
Minerals’ function
structure and regulation
Water’s function
structure and regulation
carbohydrates kcal/gram
4kcal/gram
fats kcal/gram
9kcal/gram
protein kcal/gram
4kcal/gram
alchohol kcal/gram
7kcal/gram
protein calorie % (recommended)
10-35% daily calories
fat calorie % (recommended)
20-35% daily calories
carbohydrate calorie % (recommended)
45-65% daily calories
kilocalorie (kcal)
amount of heat needed to raise 1 kilogram of water 1°C
Calorie (nutrition facts)
= 1 kilocalorie = 1,000 calories
calorie (energy)
amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water 1°C
types of health
- physical
- mental
- emotional
- social
- spiritual
hunger
internal drive to eat, often experienced as negative feeling (pain/ache/churning in stomach)
appetite
external drive to eat, experienced as positive feeling brought on by food (i.e. pleasant smells, something looks appetizing)
role of hypothalamus in hunger/digestion
Hypothalamus is constantly processing signals from a variety of nerves throughout the body, which collectively influences our food intake.
How it works: haven’t eaten for a while –> decrease in concentration of nutrients in the blood –> stimulates the feeding/hunger center in the hypothalamus, which then signals us to eat. Once eat, nutrient levels in the blood begin to rise –> satiety center is activated –> our desire to continue eating declines.
role of gastrointestinal tract in hunger/digestion
main site in the body used for digestion and absorption of nutrients, contributes to the feeling of satiety
role of stomach (part of GI) in hunger/digestion
stomach expands from food intake and the nutrients consumed are absorbed –> less desire to eat
Leptin role in hunger/digestion
turns off hunger center and activates satiety center when eating
Ghrelin role in hunger/digestion
stimulates hunger center, deactivates the satiety center
Leptin source
adipose (fat) cells
Ghrelin source
stomach
external forces on eating habits
- sensory
- cognitive
- environmental
- health status
Desirable nutrition - definition
varied diet that provides all essential nutrients to support normal body functions
Overnutrition - definition
consuming too many calories, fats, saturated fats, or too much cholesterol, increasing the risks of chronic disease and potentially leading to obesity
Undernutrition - definition
Not getting the nutrients to meet nutrient needs of the body. Over time, causes the body’s metabolic processes to slow (or even stop) and can cause a decline in one’s health
Anthropometric assessment
assessing body composition (i.e. weight, skin folds)
Biological assessment
measuring nutrients in blood, urine, and feces
Clinical assessment
basic physical examination (usually includes bp/mobility)
Dietary assessment
evaluation of person’s dietary intake (to see anything missing/problem areas)
Environmental assessment
living conditions, background (social & medical history, education, econ status