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Science 4301 > Module 1 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Module 1 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Medial/Median

A

Pertaining to the middle; in or toward the middle; nearer the middle of the body. Center line of the body separating into the right and left side

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2
Q

Sagittal

A

located in a plane that is parallel to the central plane of the sagittal structure

A vertical plane passing through the standing body from front to back. The mid-sagital, or median, plane splits the body into left and right halves.

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3
Q

Coronal

A

the structure between the parietal front bones of the skull

A coronal plane through the body is a vertical plane from head to foot and parallel to the shoulders

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4
Q

Frontal

A

In anatomy, pertaining to the forehead.

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5
Q

Transverse

A

In anatomy, a horizontal plane passing through the standing body so that the transverse plane is parallel to the floor.

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6
Q

Cross

A

Cross-sectional study: A research study done at one time, not over the course of time. A cross-sectional study might be a study of a disease such as AIDS at one point in time, to learn its prevalence and distribution within the population. Also known as a synchronic study.

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7
Q

Anterior

A

front

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8
Q

Posterior

A

back or behind

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9
Q

Lateral

A

if a part of the body is located away from the midline

In anatomy, the side of the body or a body part that is farther from the middle or center of the body. Typically, lateral refers to the outer side of the body part, but it is also used to refer to the side of a body part. For example, when referring to the knee, lateral refers to the side of the knee farthest from the opposite knee. The opposite of lateral is medial.

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10
Q

Superior

A

above

In antomy, above or over top of. As opposed to inferior. The heart is superior to the stomach. The superior surface of the tongue rests against the palate.

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11
Q

Inferior

A

below

In anatomy, below or toward the feet. As opposed to superior. The liver is inferior to the lungs.

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12
Q

Ventral

A

Pertaining to the front or anterior of any structure. The ventral surfaces of the body include the chest, abdomen, shins, palms, and soles. Ventral is as opposed to dorsal. From the Latin “venter” meaning belly.

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13
Q

Dorsal

A

Relating to the back or posterior of a structure. Some of the dorsal surfaces of the body are the back, buttocks, calves, and the knuckle side of the hand.

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14
Q

Proximal

A

Toward the beginning, the nearer of two (or more) items.

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15
Q

Distal

A

The more (or most) distant of two (or more) things.

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16
Q

Caudal

A

Pertaining to the tail or the hind part. 2. Situated in or directed toward the tail or hind part. 3. Inferior to another structure, in the sense of being below it.

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17
Q

Superficial

A

on the surface or shallow.

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18
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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19
Q

Contralateral

A

Of or pertaining to the other side.

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20
Q

anatomy

A

The study of human or animal form, by observation or examination of the living being, examination or dissection of dead specimens, microscopic examination, and/or textbooks.

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21
Q

gross anatomy

A

the study of the macroscopic structures of an organism

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22
Q

human anatomy

A

the study of the human body

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23
Q

comparative anatomy

A

comparing the anatomy of different animals and organisms

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24
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

the study of the microscopic structures of an organism

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25
Q

physiology

A

the study of the functions of an organism and its parts

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26
Q

histology

A

the study of tissues

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27
Q

levels of organization

A 
organism
system
organ
tissues
cells
organelles
molecules
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28
Q

homeostasis

A

a state of equilibrium in the body with respect to its functions, chemical levels and tissues

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29
Q

negative feedback loop

A

nervous system
endocrine system
receptors
effectors

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30
Q

organelles

A 
plasma membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosome
peroxisome
mitochondria
centrioles
cilia
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31
Q

plasma membrane

A

the boundary of the cell our outer wall

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32
Q

ribosomes

A

can be thought of as the kitchens within the cells. where protein synthesis occurs

A tiny structure in the cytoplasm of a cell (outside the nucleus) that functions as the protein factory for the cell.

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33
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a network within the cells cytoplasm. Endo means within. Plasmic refers to the cells cytoplasms. The word reticulum is Latin meaning network.

A structure within cells that is an extension of the nuclear membrane and in which proteins slated to become part of the nuclear membrane are translated, folded and transported. Abbreviated ER.

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34
Q

nucleus

A

the structure that houses the chromosomes - the nucleus contains the genetic material which is DNA

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35
Q

nuclear envelope

A

a porous double membrane that is the wall of the nucleus it is actually a double membrane

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36
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid - the genetic material

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37
Q

chromatin

A

The nucleoprotein material of chromosomes. Chromatin is essentially the substance of chromosomes.

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38
Q

chromosomes

A

strands of DNA during reproduction

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39
Q

cytoplasm

A

the substance located between the nucleus and the cell memrane

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40
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

a series of tubes which is used in intracellular transport (transport within the cell) as well as for the production of lipids and charbohydrates

41
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

also used for cellular transport, it is rough in appearance because it has ribosomes on it allowing it to be used in protein synthesis as well as intracellular transport

42
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

thought of as the cell’s packaging plants. They take various chemical and package them for many purposes, including secretion. It may involve chemical modification.

43
Q

secretory vesicle

A

a little sac in the Golgi apparatus where packaged chemicals are placed for secretion, it is pinched off from the Golgi apparatus and travels through the cytoplasm, where its contents can be released outside the cell

44
Q

lysosome

A

its main function is to break down lipids, proteins,polysaccharides, and nucleic acids

45
Q

peroxisome

A

A cell organelle containing enzymes, such as catalase and oxidase, that catalyze the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.

46
Q

mitochondria

A

the major site of ATP synthesis in the cell.

Structures located in the cell’s cytoplasm outside the nucleus. Mitochondria are responsible for energy production.

47
Q

mitochondrial DNA

A

the DNA that is in the mtiochondria, it codes for the production of certain proteins necessary for the mitochondrion to do its job

48
Q

centrioles

A

found in the centrosome & influence the movement and shape of the cell

49
Q

centrosome

A

the center of microtubule formation for the cell

50
Q

mitosis/meiosis

A

the spindles from the centrosome in cell reproduction

51
Q

cilia

A

like tiny “hairs”

52
Q

proteins

A

large molecules formed by the joining of amino acids

53
Q

amino acids

A

One of the 20 building blocks of protein. The sequence of amino acids in a protein and, hence, the function of that protein are determined by the genetic code in the DNA.

54
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that act as a catalyst in chemical reactions

55
Q

hormones

A

other proteins

56
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that fight infections

57
Q

DNA

A

a double helix strand of genetic material that consists of 4 nucleotides which are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

58
Q

DNA nucleotides

A

adenine, guanine cytosine, and thymine

they act like a “Morse code” storing the sequence of amino acids for every protein that the cell needs to make.

59
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid, a single strand of nucleotides, copies the sequence of amino acids

60
Q

RNA nucleotydes

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

61
Q

transcription

A

the double helix of the DNA unwinds exposing the sequence of nucleotides

62
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA copies the sequences of amino acids,

63
Q

codon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule

64
Q

translation

A

codons on the mRNA are translated into actual amino acids that are linked together to form a protein

65
Q

tRNA

A

“transfer RNA” helps the translation process

66
Q

anticodon

A

three-nucleotide sequence

67
Q

mitosis

A

cell reproduction, takes place in four broad steps: prophase, anaphase, metaphase, and telophase

68
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes double to 92

A chromosome at the prophase stage in the cell cycle, before metaphase (when a chromosome is most highly condensed). The chromosomes in prophase are distended and often tangled like a ball of twine within the nucleus of the cell. However, when fine chromosomal details are important, prophase chromosomes are frequently selected for high resolution chromosome banding and analysis.

69
Q

anaphase

A

separated chromosomes pull apart

70
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes align at the middle of the cell

71
Q

telophase

A

microtubules disapear & cell division begins

72
Q

interphase

A

46 chromosomes, when a cell is not reproducing which is the “normal” state for a living cell

73
Q

plasma membrane

A

restricts what goes in and out of the cell

74
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

what most of the cell membrane is made of, has two layers: a set of phospholipids (fat molecules) on top and then a set on the bottom

75
Q

channel proteins

A

have a channel to let things in and out

76
Q

glycoproteins

A

a protein that has a carbohydrate chain attached to it

77
Q

receptor proteins

A

take in messages from other cells

78
Q

cholesterol

A

it is 1/3 of the lipid part of the membrane, is fat-soluble, which means it is nonpolar, it is found among the tails of the phosolipids

79
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

the description of the plasma membrane, “fluid” refers to the phospholipid bilayer, “mosaic” refers to the fact that there are many different kinds of proteins floating within the phosopholipid layer

80
Q

“delimits the cell” function of the plasma membrane

A

one of the functions of the plasma membrane in that it holds the ell together

81
Q

receptors

A

in the plasma membrane where the cell can since its environment, they are extremely important

82
Q

selective permeability

A

the ability to let certain materials in or out while restricting others

83
Q

polarity

A

The condition of having poles or being aligned with or directed toward poles, especially magnetic or electric poles.

84
Q

molecular size

A

refers to the size of the molecules & its size determines its pasability into or out of the cell

85
Q

ionic charge

A

the charge of an ion either positive or negative determines where & which channel an ion can use

86
Q

mediated transport

A

the process that allows certain molecules into the cell

87
Q

specificity

A

the carrier protein is made for a specifically shaped molecule

88
Q

competition

A

similarly shaped cells compete for the same carrier, typically the molecule that has a high concentration of amino acids will tend to win the competition

89
Q

saturation

A

the term used for when the carrier is constantly busy transporting molecules through the membrane, it is saturated because there s no way to get the molecules in any faster

90
Q

passive transport

A

transport that does not require the use of cellular energy, it simply happens as a matter of course

91
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of ions or molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

92
Q

passive v. facilitated diffusion

A

the mediated transport that requires no ATP in facilitated diffusion

93
Q

active transport

A

transport that requires energy

94
Q

pump

A

the process of forcing or pumping sodium ions out of the cell even though they want to stay in

95
Q

endocytosis

A

the process by which large molecules are taken into the cell

96
Q

pinocytosis

A

means “cell drinking”, it is the process whihc allows proteins to enter into the cell

97
Q

phagocytosis

A

means “cell eating”, ingesting solids rather than fluids, it engulfs what it is trying to take in

98
Q

exocytosis

A

transport of material from inside the cell to outside the cell

Science 4301 (3 decks)

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