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Anatomy & Physiology MB > Module 13: Blood and Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Module 13: Blood and Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of blood

A

distribution (oxygen, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones)
regulation (body temp, pH, volume of fluid)
protection (controls bleeding, defends infection)

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2
Q

Characteristics of blood

A 
Fluid connective tissue
Stickly
Salty
Scarlet/dark red color
8% of body's weight
4-6L
pH 7.35-7.45
Higher than body temp
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3
Q

Blood is formed of 2 things

A

plasma and formed elements

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4
Q

formed elements

A

rbc, wbc, platelets

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5
Q

Hematocrit

A

percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood

Males: 40-54%
Females: 38-46%

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6
Q

Buffy coat of centrifuged blood

A

leukocytes and platelets

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7
Q

Erythrocytes

A

120 day lifespan

Produced at rate of 2mi/second

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8
Q

Hemoglobin ranges

A

Adult male: 135-180g/L
Adult female: 120-160g/L
infants: 140-200g/L

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9
Q

Leukocytes

A

lifespan of a few days to 15 years

contain granulocytes or may be agranulocytes

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10
Q

Granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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11
Q

Agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

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12
Q

Thrombocytes

A

platelets
fragments of megakaryocytes
Lifespan of 7 days

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13
Q

Plasma

A

intercellular matrix in blood
Straw color
55% of blood volume
90% water and 10% ions, proteins, fats, glucose, vitamins, nutrients, hormones, oxygen, co2, antibodies, waste

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14
Q

vessels are lined with

A

endothelium (single layer of squamous epithelial cells)

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15
Q

5 components of hemostasis

A

Form a clot: vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, coagulation
Braking system: Fibrinolysis, Natural inhibitors/anticoagulants

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16
Q

vasoconstriction

A

smooth muscle in vessel walls constrict

platelets move toward injury site

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17
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

contact with collagen

platelet plug fills gap to prevent further blood loss

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18
Q

coagulation

A

only if injury is severe and requires actual clot
coagulation factors activated
prothrombin to thrombin
Fibrin threads form mesh that adheres to the damaged tissue and traps blood cells and platelets to form the clot

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19
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

after healing, clot is dissolved by enzymes

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20
Q

Natural inhibitors/anticoagulants

A

some coagulation factors escape area of injury
natural substances in blood with dispose of escaped factors

Heparin, TPA, Streptokinase

21
Q

Vitamin K

A

produced by bacteria in large intestine
absorbed into bloodstream by colon
Stimulates liver cells to increase synthesis of prothrombin
Newborns get injection of vit K to prevent abnormal bleeding as they can’t produce it right away

22
Q

ABO groups

A

based on specific antigens on rbc membrane and antibodies in plasma

23
Q

antigen aka

A

agglutinogens

24
Q

antibodies aka

A

agglutinins

25
Q

Type A blood

A

A antigens on RBC

Anti B antibodies in plasma

26
Q

Type B Blood

A

B antigens on RBC

Anti A antibodies in plasma

27
Q

Types AB Blood

A

A and B antigens on RBC

No antibodies in plasma

28
Q

Type O Blood

A

Neither A or B antigens on RBC

Anti A and anti B antibodies in plasma

29
Q

Universal recipient

A

type AB because they have no antibodies

30
Q

Universal donor

A

type O because they have either types a or b antigens

31
Q

anastomosis

A

union of the branches of 2 or more blood vessels supplying blood to the same region

32
Q

collateral circulation

A

blood can be supplied to the area by an alternate route

33
Q

end arteries

A

arteries that do not anastomose

34
Q

3 tunics (layers) of blood vessels

A 
Tunica Interna (Endothelium, simple squamous epi cells)
Tunica Media (muscular)
Tunica Externa (elastic tissue/collagen)
35
Q

ECG waves

A

P - SA node through walls of atria
QRS - spread of impulse through walls of ventricles and recovery of the atria after contraction
T - recovery of the ventricles after contraction

36
Q

Blood pressure

A

highest in arteries

Lowest in veins

37
Q

Blood pressure cuff

A

sphygmomanometer used with a stethoscope

38
Q

Regular blood pressure

A

120/80mmHg

systolic (pressure during contraction of ventricle)/ diastolic (pressure during relaxation of ventricles)

39
Q

heart rate is controlled by

A

cardiac center in medulla of brain

receives impulses from pressoreceptors and chemoreceptors

40
Q

tachycardia

A

rate above 100bpm

41
Q

bradycardia

A

rate below 60bpm

42
Q

normal heart rate

A

72bpm

43
Q

Hemophilia

A 
inability to clot blood
sex-linked hereditary disorder
affects mostly males
transmitted by females
normal plt, but lack of plasma protein for coagulation
44
Q

Leukemia

A

blood cancer

chemotherapy and antineoplastic agents for treatment

45
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction
blockage of coronary arterial circulation
tissue dies without oxygen
Coronary bypass surgery/angioplasty to reduce heart damage

46
Q

Hypertension

A

blood pressure above 140/90mmHg

causes heart failure, kidney disease, stroke

47
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of arteries
caused by fatty deposits that develop in inner lining of blood vessel
can cause MI and stroke

48
Q

Effects of aging on blood system

A

left ventricle gets smaller
valves thicken, heart murmur
decreased ability of heart response to stress

Anatomy & Physiology MB (19 decks)

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