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PHARMACY BOARDS > MODULE 2 > Flashcards

MODULE 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Components of Nucleoside

A

Nitrogenous base + Pentose sugar

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2
Q

Components of Nucleotide

A

Nitrogenous base + Pentose Sugar + Phosphate (PO4)

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3
Q

Structures:

Adenine(A)
Guanine(G)
Thymine(T)
Cytosine(C)
Uracil(U)

A

For DNA: A-T, C-G
For RNA: A-U, C-G

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4
Q

Bond between oxygen part of the Phosphate and Pentose sugar

A

Phosphodiester bond

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5
Q

Hydrogen atom located between a pair of other atoms having a high affinity for electrons; bond is weaker than ionic bond or covalent bond but stronger than van der Waals forces

A

Hydrogen Bond

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6
Q

Glycosidic bond formed between sugar and nitrogen base

Bond that connects adenine and ribose in the molecule adenosine

A

N-glycosidic bond

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7
Q

DNA

Pentose
Base
Location
Form
Shape

A
  • 2-deoxyribose
  • A=T, C=G
  • Nucleus and Mitochondria
  • Double stranded
  • double, triple, quadruple helix, cruciform
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8
Q

RNA

Pentose
Base
Location
Form
Shape

A
  • Ribose
  • A=U, C=G
  • Nucleus, Mitochondria, Cytosol
  • single stranded
  • Cloverleaf, random and hairpin loops, cruciform
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9
Q

Basic unit of heredity and codes for specific products (RNA, proteins)

A

Gene

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10
Q

Self-replicating unit, holds all genes, condenses DNA

A

Chromosome
(46 chromosomes = 23 base pairs, 22 somatic, 1 sex pili)

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11
Q

Collection of all genetic information

A

Genome

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12
Q

Genome of all microorganism in the body

A

Microbiome

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13
Q

Location of DNA Replication

A

Nucleus, Mitochondria

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14
Q

Location of DNA Transcription

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

Location of DNA Translation - mRNA

A

Cytosol - aids of ribosomes

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16
Q

DNA Replication

A

DNA-dependent DNA synthesis

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17
Q

DNA Transcription

A

DNA-dependent RNA synthesis

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18
Q

DNA Translation

A

Conversion of RNA to proteins

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19
Q

Correct sequence: DNA Replication

A

Initiation > Elongation> Termination

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20
Q

Enzymes utilized during Initiation stage

unwinding dsDNA

A

Helicase

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21
Q

Enzymes utilized during Initiation stage

Relieves supercoiling

A

DNA Gyrase (Topoisomerase II)

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22
Q

Enzymes utilized during Initiation stage

adds RNA primer

A

Primase

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23
Q

Enzymes utilized during Elongation stage

attach to single strands to prevent re-annealing

A

SSBP (single-stranded binding protein)

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24
Q

Enzymes utilized during Elongation stage

Adds nucleotides from 5 - 3 direction relative to daughter strand, has exonuclease activity - proofread & correct errors (1 error for 1 billion base pairs)

A

DNA polymerase

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25
Q

Kinds of DNA Polymerase

1. DNA polymerase α

A

Primase

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26
Q

Kinds of DNA Polymerase

2. DNA polymerase β

A

Proof-reading

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27
Q

Kinds of DNA Polymerase

3. DNA polymerase ε

A

Elongation: LEADING strand

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28
Q

Kinds of DNA Polymerase

4. DNA polymerase δ

A

Elongation: LAGGING strand

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29
Q

Kinds of DNA Polymerase

5. DNA polymerase γ

A

Mitchondrial DNA Replication

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30
Q

Enzymes utilized during Termination stage

A

DNA Ligase - enzyme connects the OKAZAKI fragment

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31
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

Transcription process
Attaches to consensus sequences
No primers required

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32
Q

Kind of RNA Polymerase

CAAT box

A

(Hogness box) - Euk

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33
Q

Kind of RNA Polymerase

TATA box

A

(Pribnow box) - Prok

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34
Q

Post-transcriptional process

Addition of 7-Methylguanosine Cap

1st Step

A

Protects mRNA from Hydrolysis

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35
Q

Post-transcriptional process

Addition of poly-Adenosine tail

2nd Step

A

Polyadenylation

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36
Q

Post-transcriptional process

Splicing

3rd Step

A

Removal of INTRONS (noncoding sequence) from the mRNA

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37
Q

Triplet sequences of nucleotides (seen in RNA only)

A

CODON - codes specific amino acid

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38
Q

Codon Properties

1 codon code for 1 amino acid

A

Specific

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39
Q

Codon Properties

multiple codons code for 1 amino acid

A

Degenerate/ Redundant

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40
Q

Essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (Non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for production of proteins (mRNA).

A

RNA (Rebonucleic acid)

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41
Q

Types of RNA

rRNA (RNA Polymerase I)

A

Ribosomal RNA

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42
Q

Types of RNA

mRNA (RNA Polymerase II)

A

Messenger RNA (Carries Genetic information)

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43
Q

Types of RNA

tRNA (RNA Polymerase III)

A

TRANSFERS amino acid from **Cytosol **to Ribosomes

3′ end > CCA sequence (where amino acid attached)

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44
Q

Occurs in GOLGI bodies

A

Post-Translation Modification
-involves Glycosylation and Proteolytic Cleavage

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45
Q

AUG

A

**START CODON

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46
Q

UAA-UAG-UGA

A

STOP CODON
-once reached, release factors bind to RIBOSOME > Dissociation

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47
Q

Sum of all chemical process that makes the cells self-perpetuating

A

METABOLISM

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48
Q

Types of Metabolism

Building up; Energy consuming

A

ANABOLISM

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49
Q

Types of Metabolism

(cut) Breaking down; Energy producing

A

CATABOLISM

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50
Q

Types of Metabolism

both have Anabolic and Catabolic parts

A

AMPHIBOLIC

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51
Q

Energy investment stage

A

Glycolysis

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52
Q

Glycolysis

enzyme that converts GLUCOSE to Glucose-6-phosphate using 1 ATP > ADP

A

Hexokinase

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53
Q

Glycolysis

enzyme that converts Fructose-6-phosphate to fructose1-6-biphosphate using 1 ATP > ADP

A

Phosphofructokinase

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54
Q

enzyme responsible for transfer of Phosphate group

A

Kinases

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55
Q

enzyme that catalyzes redox reaction

A

Dehydrogenases

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56
Q

enzymes that convert a molecule from one isomer to another

A

Isomerases

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57
Q

No. of ATP produced from beta-oxidation of linolenic acid

A

140

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58
Q

black urine disease caused by homogenistic acid, oxidized into melanin-like compound

A

Alkaptonuria

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59
Q

defect in phenylalanine hydroxylase

A

Phenylketonuria

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60
Q

maple syrup disease or branched amino acid aciduria (Val, Leu, Ile)

A

Alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase

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61
Q

Type of Mutation

coding of a stop codon

A

Nonsense

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62
Q

Type of Mutation

coding of different amino acid

A

Missense

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63
Q

Type of Mutation

no change in protein sequence

A

Silent

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64
Q

Type of Mutation

single base change; may be silent, missense or nonsense

A

Point

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65
Q

Type of Mutation

Insertion of 1 or more bases in DNA portion

A

Insertion

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66
Q

Type of Mutation

removal of 1 or more bases

A

Deletion

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67
Q

Type of Mutation

Insertion or Deletion of a number of bases that is not multiple of 3

A

Frameshift

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68
Q

Type of Mutation

purine nucleotide is substituted w/purine or pyrimidine w/ pyrimidine

A

Transitional

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69
Q

Type of Mutation

purine is replaced w/ pyridine or vice versa

A

Transversional

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70
Q

Nyctalopia (night blindness) and Xerophthalmia

A

Vitamin A deficiency (Retinol)

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71
Q

Beri Beri/Wernicke-Korsakoff in alcoholics

A

Vitamin B1 deficiency (Thiamine)

Coenzyme: TPP (thiaminpyrophosphate)

Function: Aldehyde grp transfer

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72
Q

Cheliosis

A

Vitamin B2 Deficiency (Riboflavin)

Coenzyme: FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)

Function: Oxidation or Hydrogen Transfer

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73
Q

Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, delirium)

A

Vitamin B3 deficiency (Niacin)

Coenzyme: NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Function: Oxidation or Hydrogen Transfer

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74
Q

Burning feet syndrome

A

Vitamin B5 deficiency (Pantothenic acid)

Coenzyme: CoA (coenzyme A)

Function: acetyl group carrier

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75
Q

Peripheral neuropathy

A

Vitamin B6 deficiency (Pyridoxine)

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76
Q

Dermatitis, alopecia, Lethargy, hallucinations

A

Vitamin B7/H deficiency (Biotin)

Coenzyme: Biotin

Function: Addition of carboxyl group (carboxylase)

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77
Q

Megaloblastic anemia, spina bifida (fetus)

A

Vitamin B9 deficiency (Folic acid)

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78
Q

Pernicious Anemia, Megaloblastic anemia

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency (Cobalamin)

Coenzyme: B12

Function: Methyl group transfer

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79
Q

Scurvy

A

Vitamin C deficiency (Ascorbic acid)

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80
Q

Rickets (osteomalacia in adults)

A

Vitamin D deficiency (Calciferol)

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81
Q

nerve and muscle damage, vission problems

A

Vitamin E deficiency (Tocopherol)

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82
Q

Prolonged bleeding

A

Vitamin K1 deficiency (phylloquinone) Vitamin K2 deficiency (menaquinone)

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83
Q

Liquid phase remains on the blood after blood coagulation

A

Serum = plasma (clotting factors)

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84
Q

blood - cellular components (solid)

A

Plasma

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85
Q

clotting factor 1a

A

Fibrin

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86
Q

produced by liver mitochondria from acetyl CoA derived fro FA or pyruvate oxidation

A

Ketone Bodies (sources of energy in peripheral tissues)

acetyl CoA oxidized by TCA cycle

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87
Q

what are the ketone bodies

A

Acetoacetic acid
β-hydroxybutyric acid
Acetone

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88
Q

Not a ketone body and produce in the Krebs Cycle

A

Oxaloacetic acid

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89
Q

Mucopolysaccharide

gel-like ground substance of connective tissues

A

Hyaluronic acid

90
Q

Mucopolysaccharide

prevents coagulation of blood

A

Heparin

91
Q

Mucopolysaccharide

major components of bones and cartilages

A

Chondroitin sulfate

92
Q

TCA cycle (Ticarboxylic acid)

Produces NADH (converted to 3 ATP)

A

Isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate
α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA

93
Q

TCA cycle (Ticarboxylic acid)

produces FADH2 (converted to 2 ATP)

A

Succinate to fumarate

94
Q

TCA cycle (Ticarboxylic acid)

produces 1 NADH

A

L-malate to oxaloactate

95
Q

TCA cycle (Ticarboxylic acid)

produces 1 GTP (converted to 1 ATP)

A

Succinyl CoA to succinate

96
Q

TCA cycle (Ticarboxylic acid)

no production of ATP

A

Citrate to isocitrate

97
Q

also known as lecithin

A

Phosphatidylcholine

98
Q

also known as cephalin

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine

99
Q

also known as cardiolipin

A

Phosphatidylglycerol

100
Q

also known as Phospholipid

A

Phosphatidylserine

101
Q

Glu (acidic amino acid) replaced by Val (non-polar amino acid)

A

Sickel cell anemia (RBC become sticky and prone to clumping)

102
Q

Glu replaced by Lys

A

Hemoglobin-C Disease

103
Q

mirror images of each other

A

Enantiomers

104
Q

same molecular formulas, but different arrangements of atoms

A

Isomers (D-mannose & D-galactose)

105
Q

differ in position of hydroxyl group in anomeric carbon

A

Anomers

106
Q

differ in position of hydroxyl grp at 1 carbon other than anomeric carbon

A

Epimers (D-galactose & D-glucose)

107
Q

2 glucose

A

Maltose

108
Q

glucose + fructose

A

Sucrose

109
Q

glucose + galactose

A

Lactose

110
Q

How many cleavage ATP is required for the formation of carbamoyl phosphate synthase from CO2 and free ammonia (urea synthesis)

A

2 ATP

111
Q

requirement cleavage in the formation of arginosuccinate from condensation of citruline and aspartate

A

ATP to AMP

112
Q
  • Growth failure (P)
  • Muscle wasting (P)
  • Edema (P)
  • mental changes (may occur)
  • Appetite (poor)
  • Anemia (Severe)
  • Face (Edematous - moon)
  • subcutaneous fat (P)
A

KWASHIORKOR

113
Q
  • Growth failure (P)
  • Muscle wasting (P)
  • Edema (A)
  • mental changes (may occur)
  • Appetite (normal)
  • Anemia (Less Severe)
  • Face (drawn in - monkey)
  • subcutaneous fat (A)
A

Marasmus

114
Q

digestive enzyme confine to golgi apparatus

A

Lysosomes

115
Q

oxidative enzyme confined to endoplastmic reticulum

A

Peroxisomes

116
Q

Inactive zymogens that are precursor of GI enzymes

A
  • Procarboxypeptidase (Carboxypeptidase)
  • Pepsinogen (Pepsin)
  • Chrymotrypsinogen (chymotrypsin)
117
Q

Hexosaminidase A

A

Tay-sachs disease

118
Q

Arylsulphatase A

A

Metachromatic leukodystrophy

119
Q

Sphingomyelinase

A

Niemann-Pick Disease

120
Q

ceramidase

A

Farber’s disease

121
Q

function of plasma albumin

A

Osmosis & Transport

Albumin transport FA, bilirubin, calcium

Decrease in albumin levels results in loss of water (osmosis) from blood and enter into intestinal fluids > EDEMA

122
Q

Main source of reducing equivalents (NADPH) for Lipogenesis

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

123
Q

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by organophosphates involves

A

Irreversible inhibition

124
Q

produce by β-cells of islets of Langerhans

A

Insulin is a polypeptide hormone

125
Q

OXAZONE FORMATION

Needle shape

A

Glucose

126
Q

OXAZONE FORMATION

Rhombic

A

Galactose

127
Q

OXAZONE FORMATION

Sunflower

A

Maltose

128
Q

OXAZONE FORMATION

Powder puff

A

Lactose

129
Q

OXAZONE FORMATION

Crystal-like

A

Sucrose

130
Q

Polar amino side chain

A

Serine
Asparagine
Tyrosine
Threonine
Gluthamine
Cysteine

SATTGC

131
Q

Aromatic amino acid Tryptophan originates from

A

Anthranillic acid (during Shikimic acid pathway)

132
Q

reacting a base w/ fat or oil

A

Soap

133
Q

a soap that usses NaOH

A

Hard soap

134
Q

a soap that uses KOH

A

Soft soap

135
Q

liquid left after seperation of coagulum

A

Whey

136
Q

milk left after seperation of cream

A

Skimmed milk

137
Q

liquid left after fat globules unite

A

Buttermilk

138
Q

reacts positively in Murexide test

A

Caffeine (Purple color + bromine water)

has anabolic effect (synthesis of glycogen)

139
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

acetyl CoA

Krebs cycle

140
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase

A

Oxaloacetate

Gluconeogenesis

141
Q

Pyruvate decarboxylase

A

Acetaldehyde > ethanol

142
Q

lactate dehydrogenase

A

lactate/lactic acid

143
Q

undergo process of collection and drying

A

Crude drugs

144
Q

undissolved portion of drug

A

Marc

145
Q

solvent use for extraction

A

Menstruum

146
Q

product of extraction

A

Extractive

147
Q

Solvents for extraction

Hexane

A

Fats

148
Q

Solvents for extraction

Alcohol

A

Resin

149
Q

Solvents for extraction

Acetone

A

Chlorophyll

150
Q

Solvents for extraction

Acetic acid

A

Solanin

151
Q

Solvents for extraction

Hot benzene

A

Chrysarobin

152
Q

Proteins

Nucleoproteins

nucleic acids

A

Nuclein

153
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Lecithin**

154
Q

phosphoproteins

A

Casein

155
Q

Metalloproteins

A

enzymes

156
Q

Glycoprotein

carbohydrates

A

Mucin

157
Q

Pharmakon; gnosis
(pharmacognosy)

A

Drug; knowledge

158
Q

first person to use pharmacognosy term

A

J.A. Schmidt

159
Q

ester resulting from condensation of high-molecular weight, primary, straight-chain alcohols

A

Waxes

160
Q

fixed oils, fats, waxes

A

Lipids

161
Q

prufied prep. of gonadotropins obtained from urine of postmenopausal women

A

Urogonadotropin

162
Q

substance deteted from pregnant

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

163
Q

Synthetic human growth hormone

A

Somatropin

164
Q

hormone stimulating the release of LH and FSH from Pituitary

A

Gonadorelin

165
Q

product of nitric acid and sulphuric aciid on cotton

A

Pyroxylin

166
Q

soluution of Pyroxylin in ether and alcohol

A

Colloidion

167
Q

Veratum viridae

A

Green Hellbore

168
Q

veratum album

A

White Hellbore

169
Q

Cetha edulis

A

Khat

170
Q

Lophophora williamsii

A

Peyote cactus

171
Q

3 main classes of prostaglandins

α, β-unsaturated keto group

Cassified according to functional groups around cyclopentane ring

A

Series A

172
Q

3 main classes of prostaglandins

β-hydroxyketone grp

A

Series E

173
Q

3 main classes of prostaglandins

1,3-diol

A

Series F

174
Q

Careless addition of adulterants

A

Admixture

175
Q

intentional addition of adulterants

A

Sophistication

176
Q

addition of different substance other than desired substance

A

Substitution

177
Q

addition of deteriorant

A

Spoilage

178
Q

wax sourced from sperm whale

A

Ambergris (perfumery)

179
Q

obtained from palm tree

A

Carnauba wax

180
Q

Montan

A

Mineral wax**

181
Q

Most important opium alkaloid

A

Morphine (Prototype of opiate analgesic)

CNS > Analagesis

182
Q

Most widely used opium alkaloid

A

Codeine

183
Q

acetylation of morphine and forbidden by law

A

Heroin

184
Q

powerful analgesic which strongly depress Respi

A

Hydromorphone/dihydromorphinone

185
Q

ipomoea aquatica

A

Kangkong

186
Q

Ipomoea batatas

A

kamote

187
Q

Matricaria recutita

A

Chamomile

188
Q

Tanacetuum parthenium

A

Feverfew

189
Q

D-fructan used in culture media and evaluating rnal function

A

Inulin (β-2, 1 bond)

190
Q

polyglucan which is a transglucosylase dehydrogenase

A

Dextran (α-1,6 bonds)

191
Q

Glycoxylic acid reaction

A

Hopkins’ Cole (indole grp presence in tryptophan)

192
Q

6-membered ring (5 carbons & one Oxygen)

A

Pyranose

193
Q

5-membered ring (4 carbons & one Oxygen)

A

Furanose

194
Q

synthesized from arachidonic acid

A

Prostaglandins

195
Q

essential amino acid for Children

A

Histidine (His/H)
Isoleucine (Ile/I)
Leucine (Leu/L)

196
Q

+deoxy sugars

A

Dische test

197
Q

+phosphate groups

A

Ammonium molybdate test

198
Q

+purines

A

Murexide test

199
Q

+pyrimidines

A

Wheeler-Johnson

200
Q

Presence

Tyrosine (old rose ppt)

A

Millon Nasse Test

201
Q

Tyrosine & Tryptophan (Yellow ppt)

A

Xantoproteic Test

202
Q

peptide bonds(violet)

A

Biuret test

203
Q

glycerol (upleasant odor)

A

Acrolein test

204
Q
A
205
Q

class of alkaloid/plant

Nicotine
Areca
Lobella

NAL

A

Pyridine/Piperidine

206
Q

class of alkaloid/plant

Cinchona
Cuprea

CC

A

Quinoline

207
Q

class of alkaloid/plant

Opium
Tubocurarine
Ipecac
Sanguinaria

OTIS

A

Isoquinoline

208
Q

class of alkaloid/plant

Chichirica
Rauwolfia
Ergot
Physostigmine
Nux Vomica

CREPN

A

Indole

209
Q

class of alkaloid/plant

American/Green Hellbore
European/White Hellebore

AGEW

A

Steroidal

210
Q

class of alkaloid/plant

Hyocyamus
Egyptian Hyocyamus
European Mandrake
Duboisia
Belladona
Jimson Weed
Cocaine
Withania

HEED BJ Co ako si Withania

A

Tropane

211
Q

Basic structure of proteins

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

Phosphorus (not all proteins)

212
Q

unfolding of protein structure of 2,3,4 (extreme pH and temp)

A

Denaturation

213
Q

form cytoskeleton w/ microtubles and myofibrils, provide support and shape, muscle contraction (myosin and actin)

A

Microfilaments

214
Q
A
215
Q
A
216
Q
A
217
Q
A
218
Q
A
219
Q
A
220
Q
A
221
Q
A

PHARMACY BOARDS (1 decks)

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