What are the 6 levels of organisation in the body?
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ System Organismal
What happens at the chemical level?
Chemical elements such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen join together to form biological molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nuclei acids and vitamins
What happens at the cellular level?
Biological molecules form structures and other components of cells. All the metabolic functions required to keep the body functioning occur in the cells
What happens at the tissue level?
Cells work together in structures called tissues. There are four main tissues types in our body
What happens at the organ level?
Tissues work together so an organ may carry out specific, more complex functions than each tissue could do on its own. Eg heart, lungs,stomach,liver,kidneys
What happens at the system level?
Organs come together to achieve processes that couldn’t be carried out by a single organ.
Eg digestive system: the mouth is used to chew food, the pharynx and oesophagus is used to swallow the food and take it to the stomach which using the small and large intenstine breaks down food and absorb nutrients which is sent to rectum and excretes the waste products out the anus
What happens at the organismal level?
Several organ systems work together to make sure the body functions smoothly.
Eg glucose that has been digested and absorbed through the digestive system is transported using the cardiovascular system to body cells, which use the glucose plus oxygen that enters the body through your respiratory system to make ATP the energy currency of the cell
What are the 4 main tissue types in our body?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Where is epithelial tissue found?
Skin
Covers and lines organs Eg: respiratory system, digestive system ,genito-urinary system.
This tissue also doesn’t have a blood supply ( they have no blood vessels present ) they use the underlying connective tissue to nourish the cells
Where is connective tissue found? ( most common tissue in the body )
Tendons and ligaments
In between other tissues including in the nervous system, the three outter membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue
What does connective tissue due?
Joins or glued tissues together
There are 5 types of connective tissue in the body
Where is muscle tissue found?
Heart, muscles attached to our bones, and in organs
there are 3 types of muscle tissue
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Where is cardiac muscle found?
In the heart
Where is skeletal muscle found?
In muscles attached to the skeleton
Where is smooth muscle found?
In internal organs and blood vessels
What does muscle tissue do?
It provides movement of the body and substances within it.
Where is nervous tissue found?
The brain and spinal cord and nerves within the body
What does nervous tissue do?
It delivers messages from one part of your body to the other very quickly.
What are tissues?
Collection of similar cells that act together to form a function
What ere the four types of epithelial tissues?
Squamous ( flat and thin when look at from side, scale like when looked at from top)
Cuboidal ( square and cube liked)
Columnar ( tall and thing and look like columns )
Transitional ( change shape from cuboidal to squamous as they are stretched )
Where are transitional shaped cells found?
In your bladder they change shape and it goes from being empty to being full.
What are the two arrangement types of epithelial tissue?
Simple- single layer of cells
Stratified - cells where you have many cells stacked on top of one another
What is pseudostratified epithelial?
Looks like it has many layers of cells when it actually only has one layer
Where is simple squamous cells found?
Alveolar in your lungs ( tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs)
Where are stratified squamous epithelial cells found?
Skin inside your mouth
Where is simple cuboidal cells found?
Kidney tubule
Where are stratified cuboidal cells found?
Sweat glands
Where are simple columnar epithelial cells found?
Line your small intestines
Where are stratified columnar cells found?
Arnt very common but they are found in your mammory glands ( breasts ) and salivary glands
Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells found?
Find lining your trachea ( windpipe )
Where are transitional epithelial cells found?
Only in your urinary system eg bladder
What is the most common tissue found in your body?
Connective
In many organs you will find connective tissue joining epithelial and muscle tissue together
What are the five types of connective tissue?
Blood and lymph ( found in blood vessels and lymph vessels)
Cartilage ( found in your nose, ears )
Dense connective tissue- ligaments, tendons
Loose connective tissue- fat -areolar
None
Where is blood and lymph tissue found?
In your blood vessels and lymph vessels
Where is cartilage tissue found?
On The ends of your bones, ears, septum
Where is dense connective tissue found?
Made up of ligaments and tendons attaches to bones and muscles
Where is loose connective tissue found?
Wrapped around organs as a protective layer
Fat and Areolar tissues
What is the second most common tissue in the body?
Muscle tissue
What two muscles contract involuntary?
Cardiac and smooth muscle
What muscles have striations or stripes in them?
Cardiac and skeletal
What muscle has no striations?
Smooth muscle
What are the two types of nerve cells?
neurons ( funny shaped) that have a cell body and cell extensions called dendrites and axons that receive and send information from one nerve cell to another! Axons are covered by the myelin sheath ( acts like insulation) and speeds up the rate of nerve impulse transmition)
Glia ( neuroglia ) - provide metabolic support for your neurons
What provides metabolic support for your neurons?
Glia ( neuroglia )
What speeds up the rate of nerve impulse transmission and sends information from one nerve cell to another?
Neurons
What are the 3 types of membranes found in your body?
Cutaneous- dry membrane ( skin )
Serous- parietal - lines the body cavity
Visceral- wraps itself around the organ. ( they both produce serous fluid that reduces friction between the organ and the cavity it sits in )
Mucous- line parts of the body that are open to the outside world and keeps them moist ( line digestive and genital urinary tracts )
Where is cutaneous membrane found?
Skin
Where is mucous membranes found?
Digestive and genital urinary tracts
Where is visceral serous membranes found?
Wraps itself around the organ ( produces serous fluid that reduces friction between the organ and cavity it sits in )
Where is parietal serous membranes found?
Lining the body cavity’s ( produces serous fluid that reduces friction between the organ and cavity it sits in )
Where is synovial membranes found?
Found in the spaces between joints. ( produces a thick fluid called synovial fluid that reduces friction between bones when joints move )