Module 2 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
Cardiovascular System
Label this.
A
Superior Vena Cava
2
Q
Label This
A
Right pulmonary artery
3
Q
Cardiovascular system.
Label this.
A
Aorta.
4
Q
Cardiovascular System.
A
Left Pulmonary Artery
5
Q
Cardiovascular System.
A
Right Atrium
6
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
Left Atrium
7
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
Pulmonary semilunar valve
8
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
Bicuspid Valve
9
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
Left Ventricle
10
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
Interventricular Septum
11
Q
Cariovascular System
A
Myocardium
12
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
Epicardium
13
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
Inferior Vena Cava
14
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
Tricuspid Valve
15
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
Right Ventricle
16
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
Aortic semilunar valve
17
Q
Name 5 different types of cardiovascular diseases/disorders.
A
- Blood disorders
- Vascular disorders/Shock
- Coronary Artery Disease
- Cardiac Muscle Disorders
- Arrhythmia
18
Q
Name 3 blood disorders.
A
- Anaemia
- Leukaemia,
- thrombocytopenia
19
Q
Name 4 vascular disorders/shock.
A
- Hypertension
- Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
- Aneurysm
- Circulatory shock
20
Q
Heart failure is a type of what cardiovascular disorder?
A
Cardiac Muscle Disorder.
21
Q
Name 3 types of arrhythmia.
A
- Tachycardia
- Fibrillation
- Bradycardia
22
Q
What does the suffix -cytic refer to?
A
Change in cell size
23
Q
What does the suffix -chromic refer to?
A
Alteration in haemoglobin content
24
Q
What are erythrocytes?
A
Red Blood Cells (RBC).
They carry oxygen to the body’s tissues
25
What is anaemia?
A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood caused by fewer red blood cells or decreased percentage of haemoglobin in the blood.
26
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells - which fight infections.
27
What do platelets do?
Help blood clot.
28
What three categories are anaemia's generally categorised into?
* Problem making RBCs (underproduction)
* Normal healthy RBCs being destroyed
* Loss of blood volume
29
What is hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs.
30
How long to red blood cells live for?
120 Days
31
What are some Adverse Reactions/Interactions/Considerations for iron supplements (Ferrous sulfate)?
* constipation,
* nausea and vomiting.
* should be taken on a empty stomach
32
What are 4 types of leukaemia?
* **Acute Myelogenous Leukaemia (AML)** -common in adults and children
* **Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia (CML)** common in adults
* **Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)** - common in children
* **Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)** - common in adults \> 55 years
33
What two types of leukemia are common in children?
* Acute Myelogenous Leukaemia (AML)
* Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)
34
What is a hematopoietic stem cell?
An immature cell that can develop into all types of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Hematopoietic stem cells are found in the peripheral blood and the bone marrow. Also called **blood stem cell**.
35
In simple terms name the normal blood cell maturation process.
1. Hematopoietic stem cell creates an immature blast cell
2. Immature blast cell is a big cell with large nucleus. Nucleus has loose disorganised DNA.
3. Immature cell moves along, mature and reduce in size. The nucleus inside gets smaller. Nucleus takes up smaller percentage of space within the cell. DNA becomes more organised.
4. Final stage – mature blood cell. This cell is a lot smaller. DNA is compact within the cell.
## Footnote
Cells go through this process so that it can become specialised. Cell is able to perform a specific task.
36
How does a gene become mutated?
* Exposure to radiation
* Exposure to chemicals (carcinogens)
* Chromosome translocations
37
Define contraindication?
A contraindication is a specific situation in which a drug, procedure, or surgery should not be used because it may be harmful to the person.
38
What is thrombocytopenia?
Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which there is a loss of platelets (thrombocytes). This results in impaired haemostasis (ability to clot blood) and therefore haemorrhage (bleeding).
39
What are some causes of thrombocytopenia?
**Reduced platelet production** (bone marrow disorders - leukaemia)
**Platelet consumption** (platelets used up - Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC),
**Heparin induced** (important for us to be mindful of when administering heparin)
**Splenomegaly -** approximately 1/3 of platelets are found in the spleen
**Dilution** - from massive fluid resuscitation - results in temporary reduction in platelet numbers
**Increased platelet destruction** - (Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)
40
What is the most preventable contributor to cardiovascular disease?
Hypertension
41
What two types is hypertension generally classified as?
* Primary hypertension
* Secondary hypertension
42
What blood presssure is considered hypertensisive?
140/90 mm Hg
43
What is atherosclerosis?
**Atherosclerosis** refers to the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your artery walls (plaque), which can restrict blood flow. The plaque can burst, triggering a blood clot. Although atherosclerosis is often considered a heart problem, it can affect arteries anywhere in your body.
44
What is a angioplasty?
Angioplasty is a procedure used to increase the flow of blood through a narrowed artery. It involves keyhole surgery to place a small balloon at the narrowing in the vessel. When the balloon is inflated, the blood vessel should open and allow a healthy flow of blood
45
What are antihypertensives?
Antihypertensives are a **class of drugs** that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure).
46
Define cardiac output.
The amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute. The amount of blood put out by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction is called the stroke volume. The stroke volume and the heart rate determine the cardiac output.
47
What is a ACE inhibitor?
**Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)** inhibitors are heart medications that widen, or dilate, your blood vessels. That increases the amount of blood your heart pumps and lowers blood pressure. They also raise blood flow, which helps to lower your heart's workload.
48
What is the mechanism of action for a ACE inhibitor?
Inhibits the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
49
ACE inhibitors are medications ending usually in what?
~prils
50
Which organ produces angiotensinogen?
Liver
51
Which organ secrets renin?
Kidney
52
What are some side effects of ACE inhibitors?
* dry cough
* rash
* nausea/vomiting
* diarrhoea
* angioedema
* headache
53
What are contraindications of ACE inhibitors?
* pregnancy
* asthma
* chronic cough
* allergy
* kidney disease (renal stenosis)
54
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers are usually medications ending in what?
~sartans
55
What are some side effects of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?
* headache
* nausea
* diarrhoea
* dizziness
* backpain
56
What are some contraindications for ARBs?
* Pregnancy
* renal stenosis bilaterally
* allergy
57
Beta Blockers are medication usually ending in what?
~olol
58
What is the mechanism of action for Beta Blockers?
Blocks sympathetic function on the heart by blocking beta1 receptors. Decreases heart rate and in turn cardiac output reducing BP. Or decreases myocardial contraction which decreases cardia output and then BP.
59
Lis tome side effect of Beta Blockers.
* bradycardia
* fatigue
* hypotension
* decreased libido
* impotence
* bronchoconstriction
60
What are some contraindications for Beta Blockers?
* obstructive lung disease
* PVD
* prinzmetal angina
61
What are the two types of Clacium channels?
* T-Type
* L-Type
62
What does calcium activity in the pacemaker cells do?
Cause the heart to pump faster.
63
Where are T-Type calcium channels found?
Pacemaker cells in the cardiac muscle.
64
Where a L-Type calcium channels found?
Smooth muscle (blood vessels) and cardiomyoctye
65
What are some side effects of Calcium Channel Blockers?
* Flushing
* heachache
* dizziness
* palpitations
* peripheral oedema
66
Name some contraindications for Calcium Channel Blockers.
* Congestive heart failure
* heart block
* hypotension
* ventricular tachycardia
67
What is PVD?
PVD is disruption of peripheral perfusion as a result of an obstruction of the vessels. Peripheral Vasular (meaning arteries/veins/lymphatic vessels)
68
What two conditions fall under the term PVD?
Peripheral Venous Disease and Peripheral Artery Disease.
69
What conditions are associated with Peripheral Venous Disease?
* Varicose Veins
* DVT
* thrombophlebitis
70
What is a aneurysm?
An aneurysm refers to weakness in the wall of an artery creating a bulge or distension. Usually these are the result of atherosclerosis formation and wear and tear on the vessel wall near the plaque.
71
Name 4 common locations for aneursym?
* cerebral
* thoracic
* abdominal
* ventricular
72
Name 5 types of shock?
* **Cardiogenic** (caused by a heart problem – usually MI)
* **Neurogenic** (damage to the nervous system)
* **Hypovolemic** (volume loss)
* **Anaphylactic** (allergic reaction)
* **Septic** (overwhelming infection/sepsis)
73
Define cardiogenic shock?
Commonly seen a **secondary condition** to a myocardial infarction or the consequence of progressive heart failure, poorly controlled dysrhythmias (irregular heart rate), angina, pericardial infections or tension pneumothorax
74
**TRUE OR FALSE.**
Cardiogenic shock is often intractable.
TRUE.
50-80% of patients die.
75
What is neurogenic shock?
* Associated with a change in the central nervous system (CNS) control of the vasoconstriction-vasodilation balance.
* Leads to widespread vasodilation and inadequate organ perfusion.
76
What can trigger neurogenic shock?
* damage to the spinal cord or brain,
* drugs that lower the sympathetic activity or enhance parasympathetic activity
* syncope
77
Which type of shock is more likely to be more fatal?
Anaphylaxis.
78
Define anaphylaxis.
Allergic reaction with extrmely rapid onset. The immune system is activated after being exposes to a allergen causing widespread vasodilation, loss of vascular integrity. Peripheral blood pools leading to poor tissue perfusion and oedema.
79
What is Angina?
Angina is chest pain resulting from insufficient oxygen to the heart. There are 2 forms stable angina and unstable angina.
80
What is Stable angina?
This occurs when there is an artheroslerotic plaque and inappropriate vasoconstriction. Importantly in stable angina is blood flow is adequate at rest but compromised when a person exerts themselves, causing pain that is relieved by rest.
81
What is Unstable Angina?
The plaque ruptures and a thrombus forms around the ruptured plaque, causing partial occlusion of the vessel. Angina pain occurs at rest or progresses rapidly over a short period of time.
82
What is a NSTEMI?
NSTEMI stands for **non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction,** which is a type of heart attack. ECG - depressed ST wave or T-wave inversion, no progression to Q wave, partial blockage of the coronary artery.
83
What is a STEMI?
A STEMI is characterized by complete occlusion the blood vessel lumen, resulting in transmural injury and infarct to the myocardium, which is reflected by ECG changes and a rise in troponins.
84
What is a Myocardial infarction?
**Heart Attack.** Myocardial infarction (MI) occurs as a result of significantly reduced blood flow such that myocardial cells die. Classified as a STEMI or Non -STEMI.
85
What is the most common cause of disease anddeath in the Western World?
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
86
Coronary Artery Disease is the result of damage to and death of cells in the heart due to _______________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Ischaemia and Kypoxia.
87
What is a vasodilator?
A vasodilator is a drug that causes vasodilation, a widening (opening) of blood vessels that results from relaxation of the smooth muscle of the vessels.
88
What is a anticoagulant?
An anticoagulant medicine prevents harmful clots from forming in your blood vessels by making your blood take longer to clot. This is sometimes referred to as “thinning” your blood. It is also used to stop existing clots from getting bigger and to stop parts of a clot breaking off and travelling to other parts of the body.
89
What medication is generally used to treat angina?
Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)
90
GTN is a type of what?
Vasodilator.
91
What medication is used to treat Myocardial Infarction?
Asprin, anticoagulants (heparin) and antiplatelets.
92
What is heart failure?
Heart failure is when the heart is unable to pump blood sufficiently to meet the needs of the body.
93
What can cause heart failure?
Heart failure can be caused by MI, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart defects and many other diseases affecting the heart
94
Heart failure is classified into what two types?
Systolic and Diastolic
95
Heart failure can progress and congestive cardiac failure develops into..?
Left sided failure (pulmonary oedema), Right sided failure (peripheral oedema)
96
Drugs for left sided HF
Beta blockers, Antihypertensives (ACE inhobitors) Duiretics
97
Drugs for Right Sided HF
Diuretics, Calcium Channel Blockers.
98
Cardiac arrythmias are classified based on what?
Site of origin.
99
What are the three classifications of cardiac arrythmias?
* Sinus rhythm
* Atrial rythyms
* ventricular rythms
