Module 2 Self Test

Question 1

Explain how the cardiac cycle is responsible in assisting venous flow back to the heart

Answer 1

In ventricle systole, the tricuspid annulus is pulled down expanding the volume of the right atrium and dropping the pressure, allowing blood to rush into the right atrium from the IVC. During diastole, the tricuspid valve opens allowing passive filling of the heart as the pressure drops

Question 2

Explain A of the ASVD complex seen in this venous waveform

Answer 2

A wave is the result of atrial systole, forcing blood out of the heart

Question 3

Explain S of the ASVD complex seen in this venous waveform

Answer 3

S wave is the result of ventricular systole, drawing blood into the right atrium

Question 4

Explain V of the ASVD complex seen in this venous waveform

Answer 4

V wave is the declaration of flow as the right atrium fills to capacity

Question 5

Explain D of the ASVD complex seen in this venous waveform

Answer 5

D wave is forward flow when the tricuspid valve opens during diastole

Question 6

Explain how the changes in pressure during respiration influence the Venous return from the upper extremities

Answer 6

During inspiration, the diaphragm flattens and increases the volume of the thoracic cavity. This lowers the pressure in the chest and draws blood from the upper extremities, increasing the flow velocity. The opposite happens with expiration. The pressure in the thoracic cavity increases, decreasing the flow in the arms

Question 7

Explain the significance of continuous waveform pattern sampled in a vein

Answer 7

A continuous waveform pattern signifies the loss of respirophasicity and therefore, a proximal thrombus or compression of the vein. The obstruction dampens the pressure changes of respiration while arterial flow continues to fill the veins distally

Question 8

What shape will the vein be with low interstitial pressure and high transmural pressure?

Answer 8

If the pressure in the vessel (hydrostatic) is high and the pressure outside the vessel (interstitial) is low, the vessel will have a round shape

Question 9

What is the significance of this waveform in the CFV

Answer 9

The waveform has a pulsating appearance indicating high venous pressure most likely related to a heart condition like CHF

Question 10

What is the significance of this waveform in the lower extremity?

Answer 10

The valsalva maneuver increases the pressure in all of the veins. The fact that flow reverses when performed signifies reflux. This indicates that there is some valve insufficiency

Question 11

Explain why there is greater number of valves in the lower extremity, below the calf, than in other veins of the body?

Answer 11

Since gravity has more effect on the lower extremity below the knee, there is a greater need for valves to ensure that the unidirectional flow of blood back to the heart