Module 3

Question 1

Coronary heart disease (CHD)- Atherosclerosis:

Answer 1

• develops over decades wth no way of knowing
• Slow, gradual accumulation of cholesterol-rich plaque in arteries (coronary artery)
• creates reduced/lowered blood flow

Question 2

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)- Thrombosis

Answer 2

• Happens in minutes
• a decisive event whereby damage to the advanced atherosclenotic plaque causes clot formation
• internal “scab”= Thrombus–>blocks blood flow–> Myocardinal infaretion (MI)

Question 3

Roles of LDL and HDL in CHD:

Answer 3

1. LDL- “bad cholesterol”
   - if not taken up by liver, accumulates in blood. therefore raising blood LDL (raises TC) and creates free radicals = Oxidized LDL’s
2. HDl- “ good cholesterol”
   - reverses cholesterol transport
   - more HDl = less plaque buildup

Question 4

Oxidation:

Answer 4

• LEO: Loss of electrons= oxidation
  resulting compound is more reactive (b/c loss of electrons0
• Free radical will react with 1st biomolecule they encounter
  a) DNA: Cancer initiation
  b) Fat: Chain reaction/free radicals
  
  • fat breakdown (oxidation)–> malondialdihyde
    c) Protein: Free radical to the protein in lense of eye (e.g. cateracts)

Question 5

Dietary cholesterol (key points):

Answer 5

1. structural componnent of all animal/human cell membranes
2. Precurser to;
   a) Bile Acids
   b) Vitamin D
3. Present only in foods of animal origin
4. Liver makes cholesterol (therefore, it is not an essential nutrient)
5. Sept/02: DRI: cholesterol consumption- as low as possible–> as low as resonable

Question 6

Dietary strategies to reduce total serum cholesterol:

Answer 6

1. lower total fat intake: especially SAT and trans fats
2. intake more soluble fibre (for every g of soluble fibre, it lowers TC 1-2% mg/dl)
   - e.g. citrus fruits, legumes (inside), oats (oat bran)
3. Lower dietary cholesterol intake (pryllion)

Question 7

EPA: Potential in Heart Health

Answer 7

1. lower your serum TC: False
2. Decrease your serum TG
3. Reduce placet aggregation/adhesion potential

Question 8

If I don’t like fish, should I take fish oil supplements?

Answer 8

Consider:
1. Are you sure? (suggest frozen haddock, cod)
2. Pure oil (contaminents: Dioxins, PCP, Pb, Rd)-> started oxidation cycle
- Contaiminated: higher risk of hemmoragic stroke and decreased function of immunne system
3. higher intake of foods rich in alpha linoeic acid

Question 9

Fish and fish oil recommendations:

Answer 9

1. EWCFG (2007): Eat at least 2 food guide servings of fish each week
2. CFG (2019): Variety of fish listed under protein foods (emphasis: healthy preparation methods)

Question 10

Top 3 kinds of cancer:

Answer 10

Breast cancer (25.5%)
Prostate cancer (20.7%)
Colerectal cancer (14.5%)
** all related to diet and nutrition

Question 11

Fat Intake: DRI Recommendations

Answer 11

Total Fat: 20-35% kcal
Saturated: “as low as possible–>2006: “As low as reasonable”
Trans: “As low as possible”
MUFA: Should comprise the majority of fat intake
a-linolenic: 1:10 (ratio)
Linoleic: 1:17 (ratio)