Module 3

Question 1

organogenesis is complete by Week __

Answer 1

8

Question 2

pregnancy hormone that stimulates the corpeus luteum to continue to function

Answer 2

HcG

Question 3

placenta is at full thickness at Week ___

Answer 3

16

Question 4

teratogen reaction differs between fetuses due to:

Answer 4

differences of host susceptibility

Question 5

FDA category that includes drugs that have negative effects on animals but no apparent negative effect on humans

Answer 5

Cat C

Question 6

ovum survives for ____ hours

Answer 6

24

Question 7

sperm survives for ____ hours

Answer 7

48

Question 8

what is the “hatching of the blastocyst” in implantation

Answer 8

loss of the zona pellucida

Question 9

How many days after fertilization does the loss of the zona pellucida occur?

Answer 9

5 days

Question 10

after the loss of the zona pellucida, this occurs to from the trophoblast cell mass

Answer 10

rapid proliferation of the trophectoderm

Question 11

What causes the blastocyst to be able to attach to the uterus?

Answer 11

loss of the zona pellucida

Question 12

adherence of the blastocyst to the endometrial surface leads to:

Answer 12

the decidual reaction

Question 13

erosion of the epithelium of the endometrial surface allows for the blastocyst to:

Answer 13

burrow beneath the surface

Question 14

Steps of Implantation:

Answer 14

1. Loss of zona pellucida
2. Rapid proliferation of the trophectoderm to form the trophoblast cell mass
3. Blastocyst attaches to uterus
4. Blastocyst adheres to endometrial surface
5. Decidual reaction
6. Erosion endometrial surface erosion
7. Blastocyst burrows beneath the surface

Question 15

endometrial changes during pregnancy that alter the endometrial lining (“decidua”)

Answer 15

decidual reaction

Question 16

covers growing embryo and regresses as the chorion grows. Disappears as the embryo fills the lumen of the uterus

Answer 16

decidua capsularis

Question 17

spongy vascular bed on which the blastocyst rests. The site of the future placenta. Forms maternal portion of placenta. Where the interface between the mom and trophoblast is- changes happen here to support adhesion and migration.

Answer 17

decidua basalis

Question 18

the remaining decidua. Fuses with the amnion and chorion at 18-20 weeks and the uterine cavity is obliterated.

Answer 18

decidua parietalis

Question 19

Attaches to endometrium 5-6 days after fertilization, fully implanted by day 10-12
Functions to:
Erode maternal tissue to make space for implantation and growth
Secrete hormones
Transport nutrients and waste products
Placental attachment
Migration and arterial transformation

Answer 19

Trophoblast

Question 20

layers of trophoblast differentiate on Day __

Answer 20

7

Question 21

the mononuclear inner layer of the trophoblast that forms new syncytial cells, chorionic villi, amnion and generates new trophoblast cells

Answer 21

cytotrophoblast

Question 22

the thick multicellular mass w/o distinct cell boundaries outerlayer of the trophoblast that invades the endometrial epithelium engulfing uterine cells and produces hCG, estrogen, progesterone, and hPL

Answer 22

synctiotrophoblast

Question 23

what is the process that may cause implantation bleeding?

Answer 23

differentiation of the trophoblast

Question 24

Implantation is complete on days ___-___

Answer 24

10-12

Question 25

amniotic cavity appears during Week __

Answer 25

2

Question 26

collapsed dominant follicle walls after ovulation that change to turn into this

Answer 26

corpus luteum

Question 27

14-day phase of menstrual cycle that begins w/ ovulation and ends w/ cycle start

Answer 27

luteal phase

Question 28

the progesterone factory of the luteal phase

Answer 28

corpus luteum

Question 29

the progesterone in the corpus luteum suppresses:

Answer 29

the growth of new follicles

Question 30

hormone that causes an elevation in basal body temperature

Answer 30

progesterone

Question 31

if conception does not occur, the _____________ rapidly regresses 9-11 days after ovulation

Answer 31

corpus luteum

Question 32

declining corpus luteum decreases progesterone levels which causes:

Answer 32

menstruation

Question 33

``` ________ becomes: digestive system liver pancreas inner layer of lungs ```

Answer 33

endoderm

Question 34

``` ________ becomes: circulatory system lungs (epithelial layers) skeletal system muscular system ```

Answer 34

mesoderm

Question 35

``` _________ becomes: hair nails skin nervous system ```

Answer 35

ectoderm

Question 36

period of gestation from conception to Week 2

Answer 36

pre-embryonic

Question 37

period of gestation from Week 2-8

Answer 37

embryonic

Question 38

period of gestation from Week 8 to Full Term

Answer 38

fetal

Question 39

creation of new types of substances, cells, tissues, and organs that weren’t there before

Answer 39

differentiation

Question 40

process by which these elements are coordinated into functional integrated units

Answer 40

organization

Question 41

production of a special form, shape or structure of a group of cells and occurs by organization of groups of cells in to organs.

Answer 41

morphogenesis

Question 42

embryonic alteration in morphogenesis due to an intrinsically abnormal developmental process such as may occur with a chromosome or multifactorial disorder.

Answer 42

malformation

Question 43

defects are the abnormal form, shape, or position of a body part arising from extrinsic mechanical forces (e.g., clubfoot due to fetal restraint or lung hypoplasia with congenital diaphragmatic hernia)

Answer 43

deformation

Question 44

caused by an external force that alters a previously normal tissue (e.g., teratogenic effects or amputation of a fetal part by an amniotic band)

Answer 44

disruption

Question 45

Adequate and well-controlled human studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy (and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters)

Answer 45

Category A

Question 46

Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus, and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women; or animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in any trimester.

Answer 46

Category B

Question 47

Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

Answer 47

Category C

Question 48

There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

Answer 48

Category D

Question 49

Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/ or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in the use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.

Answer 49

Category X

Question 50

the basis of heritable developmental defects and is the result of a change in the sequence of nucleotides.

Answer 50

Gene Mutations

Question 51

when an embryo is not susceptible to teratogenesis

Answer 51

Weeks 1 and 2 (The pre-embryonic period also known as the "All or Nothing" period)

Question 52

agents, such as tobacco, exert effects on growth or fetal development in the second and third trimesters

Answer 52

fetotoxic agents

Question 53

MOA of teratogen

Answer 53

interfere with organogenesis during the embryonic period, which results in birth defects such as a cleft palate, cardiac anomaly, facial abnormality, or another dysmorphic effect.

Question 54

Four major hormones synthesized by the placenta

Answer 54

ahCG, hPL, progesterone, and estrogens

Question 55

Maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy in order to ensure secretion of progesterone and other substances until placental production is adequate. May stimulate the fetal testes and adrenal gland to enhance testosterone and corticosteroid secretion, stimulate production of placental progesterone, promote angiogenesis, uterine growth and quiescence, enhance fetal growth and development, and suppress maternal lymphocyte responses to prevent rejection of the placenta by the mother. May also have a role in preventing cervical ripening during pregnancy.

Answer 55

Role of hCG

Question 56

regulates glucose availability for the fetus, it is an insulin antagonist that increases maternal metabolism and use of fat as an energy substrate and reduces glucose uptake and use by maternal cells. As a result, more glucose is available for transport to the fetus. Thus, this acts as a growth-promoting hormone, promoting fetal growth by altering maternal metabolism.

Answer 56

hPL

Question 57

production of hPL by the syncytiotrophoblast begins ___-____ days after conception (____-____ days after implantation)

Answer 57

12-18 (5-10)

Question 58

hPL levels ____ during pregnancy and _____ near term

Answer 58

rise; peak

Question 59

the most abundant placental secretory product

Answer 59

hPL

Question 60

the main synthesis site of steroidogenesis (the production of estrogen and progesterone) in early pregnancy

Answer 60

corpus luteum

Question 61

at 6-8 weeks gestation, the _________________ takes over steroidogenesis (the production of estrogen and progesterone) as the main site of synthesization

Answer 61

placental syncytiotrophoblast

Question 62

acts to decrease myometrial activity/irritability contrict myometrial vessels decrease sensitivity of the maternal respiratory center to CO2 inhibit prolactin secretion suppresses maternal immune reaction to fetal antigens relaxes smooth muscle in GI & urinary systems incrases basal body temp increases Na+ and Cl- excretion

Answer 62

role of progesterone in pregnancy

Question 63

serves as the substrate pool for fetal adrenal gland production of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Answer 63

progesterone

Question 64

produces early in pregnancy by corpus luteum and later in pregnancy by the placenta ***is dependent on the fetus

Answer 64

estrogen

Question 65

enhances myometrial activity promotes myometrial vasodilation increases sensitivity of the maternal respiratory center to carbon dioxide softens fibers in the cervical collagen tissue increases pituitary secretion of prolactin increases serum binding proteins and fibrinogen decreases plasma proteins increases the sensitivity of the uterus to progesterone in late pregnancy.

Answer 65

estrogen

Question 66

involves bidirectional movement of gases, nutrients, waste materials, drugs, and other substances across the placenta from maternal-to-fetal circulation or from fetal to maternal circulation

Answer 66

placental transport

Question 67

simple (passive) diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, pinocytosis, endocytosis, bulk flow, solvent drag, accidental capillary breaks, and independent movement

Answer 67

mechanisms of placental transfer

Question 68

which placental transfer methods are mediated by protein and other transport substances

Answer 68

Facilitated diffusion and active transport

Question 69

major mechanism of placental transfer

Answer 69

diffusion

Question 70

movement of a substance from higher to lower concentration or electrochemical gradients

Answer 70

simple (passive) diffusion

Question 71

substances that pass through placenta via _________ water, electrolytes, oxygen, carbon dioxide, urea, simple amines, creatinine, fatty acids, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins, narcotics, antibiotics, barbiturates, and anesthetics

Answer 71

substances that pass via simple diffusion

Question 72

transport via protein transporters to move substances across the placental membrane. Movement is from higher to lower concentration or electrochemical gradients.

Answer 72

facilitated diffusion

Question 73

glucose, oxygen, and waste products (lactate) are transported through placenta via:

Answer 73

facilitated diffusion

Question 74

substances that cross placenta via ____________: | Amino acids, potassium, water-soluble vitamins, calcium, phosphate, iron, and iodine

Answer 74

active transport

Question 75

invagination in the surface of a cell that forms intracellular membrane bound vesicles

Answer 75

endocytosis

Question 76

occurs on the opposite side of the cell with fusion of the vesicle to the membrane and release of the vesicles' contents.

Answer 76

exocytosis

Question 77

•These mechanisms are necessary to transfer molecules too large for diffusion or for which no carrier transport exists

Answer 77

endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 78

umbilical cord may be seen on U/S at ___ days and well-established by _____ weeks

Answer 78

42; 8-9

Question 79

begin to develop soon after fertilization and continue to grow until about 28 weeks' gestation

Answer 79

amnioin and chorion

Question 80

the innermost amniotic epithelium is involved in amniotic fluid exchange and pH regulation The outer membrane, contains blood vessels that atrophy as pregnancy advances, but no nerves

Answer 80

amnion and chorion function

Question 81

a major site of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis and metabolism

Answer 81

fetal membranes