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Biology AS > Module 3 glossary words > Flashcards

Module 3 glossary words Flashcards

1
Q

Surface area to volume ratio

A

The surface area of an organism divided by its volume, expressed as a ratio

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2
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny folds of the lung epithelium to increase surface area

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3
Q

Bronchi/Bronchioles

A

Smaller airways leading to the lungs

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4
Q

Diaphragm

A

A layer of muscle beneath the lungs

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5
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

The muscles beneath the ribs

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6
Q

Trachea

A

the main airway leading from the back of the mouth to the lungs

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7
Q

Ventilation

A

The refreshing of air in the lungs, so that there is a higher oxygen concentration than that in the blood, and a lower carbon dioxide concentration

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8
Q

Cartilage

A

A form of connective tissue

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9
Q

Ciliated epithelium

A

a layer of cells that have many hair-like extensions called cilia

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10
Q

Elastic fibres

A

protein fibres that can deform and then recoil to their original size

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11
Q

Goblet cells

A

Cells that secrete mucus

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12
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary muscle that contracts without the need for conscious thought

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13
Q

Breathing rate

A

the number of breaths per minute

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14
Q

Oxygen uptake

A

the volume of oxygen absorbed by the lungs in one minute

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15
Q

Spirometer

A

a device that can measure the movement of air into and out of the lungs

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16
Q

Buccal cavity

A

The mouth

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17
Q

Countercurrent flow

A

When two fluids flow in opposite directioms

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18
Q

Filaments

A

slender branches of tissue that make up the gill (primary lamellae)

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19
Q

Lamellae

A

(secondary lamellae/gill plates) folds of the filament to increase surface area

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20
Q

Operculum

A

A bony flap that protects and covers the gills

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21
Q

Spiracle

A

An external opening or pore that allows air in and out of the trachea

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22
Q

Tracheal fluid

A

the fluid found at the ends of the tracheoles in the tracheal system

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23
Q

Tracheal system

A

a system of air-filled tubes in insects

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24
Q

Double circulatory system

A

one in which blood flows through the heart twice for each circuit of the body. Contains a pulmonary circuit and a systemic circuit

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25
Q

Single circulatory system

A

one in which blood flows through the heart once for each circuit of the body

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26
Q

Transport

A

The movement of substances such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste and heat around the body

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27
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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28
Q

Arterioles

A

Small blood vessels that distribute blood from an artery to the capillaries

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29
Q

Vital capacity

A

The largest volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs in one breath

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30
Q

Residual volume

A

The volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after the biggest possible exhalation

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31
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

The volume of air that can be breathed in above the normal tidal volume

32
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

The volume of air that can be breathed out above the normal tidal volume

33
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar specialised cells working together to perform a common function

34
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

The movement of gases by diffusion between the organism and the environment across a barrier

35
Q

Exchange surface

A

A specialised area that is adapted to make it easier for molecules to cross from one side of the surface to the other

36
Q

Capillaries

A

Very small blood vessels with very thin walls

37
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

One in which blood is held in vessels

38
Q

Open circulatory system

A

One in which blood is not held in vessels

39
Q

Veins

A

vessels that carry blood back to the heart

40
Q

Venules

A

Small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries and lead into the veins

41
Q

Blood

A

The fluid used to transport materials around the body

42
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel or container

43
Q

Lymph

A

The fluid held in the lymphatic system, which is a system of tubes that returns excess tissue fluid to the blood system

44
Q

Oncotic/osmotic pressure

A

The pressure created by the osmotic effects of the solutes

45
Q

Plasma

A

The fluid portion of the blood

46
Q

Tissue fluid

A

The fluid surrounding cells and tissues

47
Q

Atrio-ventricular valves

A

Valves between the atria and ventricles, which ensure that blood flows in the correct directions

48
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Specialised muscle found in the walls of the heart chambers

49
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Valves that prevent blood re-entering the heart from the arteries

50
Q

Endothelium

A

A tissue that lines the inside of a structure e.g. a blood vessel

51
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

The sequence of events in one full beat of the heart

52
Q

Bradycardia

A

A slow heart rhythm

53
Q

Ectopic heartbeat

A

An extra beat or an early beat of the ventricles

54
Q

Fibrillation

A

the chambers of the heart contracting out of rhythm

55
Q

Myogenic muscle

A

Muscle that initiates it’s own contractions

56
Q

Purkyne tissue

A

Consists of specially adapted muscle fibres that conduct the wave of excitation from the AVN down the septum to the ventricles

57
Q

Sino-atrial node (SAN)

A

The heart’s pacemaker. It is a small patch of tissue that sends out waves of electrical excitation at regular intervals in order to initiate contractions.

58
Q

Tachycardia

A

A rapid heart rhythm

59
Q

Affinity

A

A strong attraction

60
Q

Dissociation

A

releasing the oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin

61
Q

Fetal haemoglobin

A

the type of haemoglobin usually found in the foetus

62
Q

Haemoglobin

A

the red pigment used to transport oxygen in the blood

63
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase

A

the enzyme that catalyses the combination of carbon dioxide and water

64
Q

Chloride shift

A

the movement of chloride ions into the erythrocytes to balance the charge as hydrogen carbonate ions leave the cell

65
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

66
Q

Bohr effect (shift)

A

change in shape of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve when carbon dioxide is present. Carbon dioxide causes oxyhemoglobin to release more readily.

67
Q

Haemoglobinic acid

A

Hhb. The compound formed by the buffering action of the haemoglobin as it combines with excess hydrogen ions.

68
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume of air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath at rest

69
Q

Partial pressure

A

the amount of pressure exerted by a gas relative to the total pressure exerted by all the gases in the mixture

70
Q

Dissociation

A

the breakdown of a molecule into 2 molecules (oxyhaemoglobin into oxygen and haemoglobin)

71
Q

Transpiration

A

the loss of water by evaporation out of the leaf via the stomata

72
Q

Xerophyte

A

a plant that is adapted to reduce water loss by transpiration so that it can survive in very dry conditions

73
Q

Translocation

A

the transport of assimilates between the sources and sinks of a plant in the phloem tissue. This requires energy

74
Q

Source

A

where sucrose and other assimilates are loaded into the phloem tissue e.g. leaf

75
Q

Sink

A

where sucrose and other assimilates are unloaded from the phloem tissue e.g. flower

76
Q

Assimilates

A

carbon containing compounds produced by a plant using the carbon from carbon dioxide

Biology AS (3 decks)

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