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Neuro Muscle Physiology > Module 3 HW Questions > Flashcards

Module 3 HW Questions Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Which group of neurotransmitters are fast acting and produced in the axon terminal?

A

small molecule

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2
Q

What are chemicals that can act as neurotransmitter agonist or antagonist?

A

neuromodulators

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3
Q

How do direct agonist modify the effect of a neurotransmitter?

A

mimic NT by binding to the same receptor

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4
Q

How does an indirect neurotransmitter agonist work?

A

blocks reuptake or increases production of NT

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5
Q

What type of substance interferes with production and/or the release of a neurotransmitter?

A

indirect antagonist

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6
Q

Which type of chemical prevents a neurotransmitter from binding to its receptor on the target cell?

A

direct antagonist

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7
Q

What products produce acetylcholine?

A

acetyl CoA and choline

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8
Q

What enzyme is required for the synthesis of acetylcholine?

A

acetyltransferase

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9
Q

Released acetylcholine is broken down into choline and acetate in the synaptic cleft by…

A

acetylcholinesterase

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10
Q

How is choline removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

actively pumped back into the presynaptic neuron

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11
Q

What are neurons called that produce acetylcholine?

A

cholinergic

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12
Q

Which neurotransmitter is produced and secreted by all somatic motor neurons?

A

acetylcholine

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13
Q

Which neurotransmitter is produced and secreted by all preganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons?

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

Which neurotransmitter is produced and secreted by all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?

A

acetylcholine

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15
Q

Which neurotransmitter is produced and secreted by postganglonic sympathetic neurons innervating sweat glands?

A

acetylcholine

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16
Q

What cation is responsible for the release of acetylcholine at a synapse?

A

calcium

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17
Q

What is an example of inhibitory muscarinic receptor location?

A

cardiac muscle

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18
Q

What is an example of excitatory muscarinic receptor location?

A

GI smooth muscle and eccrine sweat glands

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19
Q

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are ______________, while muscarinic cholinergic receptors are _______________

A

ionotropic, metabotropic

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20
Q

Nicotinic receptors are always and only _______________ while muscarinic can be either excitatory or inhibitory

A

excitatory

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21
Q

What type of cholinergic receptor is located on all autonomic postganglionic neurons?

A

nicotinic

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22
Q

What type of cholinergic receptor is located on chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?

A

nicotinic

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23
Q

What type of cholinergic receptor is located on parasympathetic target cells and sweat glands?

A

muscarinic

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24
Q

What type of cholinergic receptor is located on the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle of NMJ?

A

nicotinic

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25
What type of cholinergic receptor mediates fast EPSPs?
nicotinic
26
Which type of cholinergic receptor mediates slow EPSPs?
muscarinic
27
What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?
glutamate
28
How do neurons synthesize glutamate in the axon terminal?
krebs cycle
29
What happens to glutamate after it is released by the presynaptic axon terminal?
removed by nearby astrocyte
30
What happens to glutamate that is taken up by glial cells?
converted to glutamine
31
Where do neurons get their supply of glutamine to make glutamate?
nearby astrocyte
32
Which glutamate receptors produces fast EPSPs?
AMPA
33
Which glutamate receptor allows for the influx of calcium and sodium?
NMDA
34
Which CNS structure has a high conc. of NMDA receptors?
hippocampus
35
NMDA receptors require stimulation by both glutamate and _________ in the CNS
glycine
36
What ion blocks NMDA receptor channels?
magnesium
37
What membrane conditions can dislodge the ion block from the NMDA receptor?
depolarization
38
Which glutamate receptor is an NMDA receptor dependent on to function properly?
AMPA
39
What membrane conditions allow an ion to block the NMDA receptor channel?
RMP and/or hyperpolarization
40
What is the primary receptor involved in neuroplasticity?
NMDA
41
What is the primary ion involved in synaptic plasticity/learning?
calcium
42
What type of receptor does glutamate bind with to initiate a 2nd messenger system of activation?
metabotropic
43
What does calcium bind with once it enters the postsynaptic membrane?
calmodulin
44
What does prolonged increase of intracellular calcium in a neurons cytosol cause?
long term potentiation
45
How does activation of postsynaptic intracellular kinases effect the postsynaptic membrane?
increases number of AMPA receptors
46
What type of synaptic conditions causes the production and release of nitric oxide?
long term potentiation
47
How does NO enter or exit the neuron cell membrane?
simple diffusion
48
Which neurotransmitter can act as a retrograde messenger at a synapse?
nitric oxide
49
Which glutamic receptor is primarily associated with long term potentiation?
NMDA
50
How does NO effect the presynaptic neuron?
increases release of neurotransmitters
51
Under what conditions does glycine act as an excitatory NT?
when binding to NMDA receptor
52
Where in the CNS does glycine act as an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
brainstem and spinal cord
53
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS?
GABA
54
Which ion flows into the postsynaptic neuron through inotropic GlyR glycine receptor and/or GABA receptors when activated?
chloride
55
What is the precursor for GABA synthesis?
glutamine
56
How is GABA removed from the synaptic cleft?
presynaptic transport proteins and nearby astrocytes
57
How do astrocytes process GABA?
GABA->glutamate->glutamine
58
What is the most readily accessible GABA agonist?
alcohol
59
Synthesis of catecholamines: tyrosine-> _______-> _______-> NE
dopa, dopamine
60
Vasoconstriction is the function of which adrenergic receptor?
alpha 1
61
Increased heart contractility strength is the function of which adrenergic receptor?
beta 1
62
Vasodilation is the function of which adrenergic receptor?
beta 2
63
Pupil dilation is the function of which adrenergic receptor?
alpha 1
64
Bronchial dilation is the function of which adrenergic receptor?
beta 2
65
Bladder sphincter contraction is the function of which adrenergic receptor?
alpha 1
66
Detrusor muscle relaxation is the function of which adrenergic receptor?
beta 2
67
GI tract smooth muscle relaxation is the function of which adrenergic receptor?
beta 2
68
Pilomotor muscle contraction is the function of which adrenergic receptor?
alpha 1
69
GI sphincter relaxation is the function of which adrenergic receptor?
beta 2
70
Increased heart rate is the function of which adrenergic receptor?
beta 1
71
Gi sphincter contraction is the function of which adrenergic receptor?
alpha 1
72
Penis ejaculation is the function of which adrenergic receptor?
alpha 1
73
Which AA forms catecholamines in the axon terminal?
tyrosine
74
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down catecholamines inside the axon terminal?
MAO
75
What are MAOI's?
drug that blocks MAO's
76
How is NE removed from the synaptic cleft?
reuptake transport proteins
77
How does cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants effect the removal of NE from the synaptic cleft?
inhibit NE transport proteins
78
Which type of neurons produce and release NE and epi?
adrenergic
79
What is the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic NS?
NE
80
Which type of autonomic neuron releases NE?
postganglionic sympathetic nerves
81
What type or class of receptor does NE bind to? (not the general name of the receptor)
metabotropic
82
Which dopaminergic pathway involves basal ganglia motor control?
nigrostriatal
83
Which dopaminergic pathway involves reward behavior?
mesolimbic
84
Which dopaminergic pathway involves cognition, working memory, and decision making?
mesocortical
85
How does adderall and ritalin effect the dopaminergic fibers projecting into the frontal lobe?
blocks reuptake
86
Where in the CNS do serotonin secreting neurons originate?
raphe nuclei of the brainstem
87
Serotonin affects the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system by projecting fibers into the....
hypothalamus
88
Serotonin fibers travel down the spinal cord to the _________ horns at each segmental level
dorsal
89
Where in the body is most serotonin produced?
gut
90
Can serotonin produced by enterochromaffin cells pass the BBB?
no
91
What AA is serotonin synthesized from?
tryptophan
92
What enzyme metabolizes serotonin after secretion?
MAO
93
How is serotonin removed from the synaptic cleft by the presynpatic neuron?
serotonin reuptake transporter proteins
94
What class of drugs function to prevent serotonin reuptake?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
95
What effect does NO have on male sexual performance?
facilitates erection
95
Under what conditions does skeletal muscle secrete NO?
strenuous exercise
96
What NT classification are opioids?
neuropeptides
97
What is the primary function of opioids in the CNS?
inhibit/block pain signals
98
What is the primary function of opioids in the gut?
anti-diarrhea
99
How do opioids initiate cAMP 2nd messenger system in target cells?
bind to a metabotropic receptor
100
What effect do opioids have on target cell potassium channels?
open
101
What effect do opioids have on target cell calcium channels?
close
102
How do opiods effect the polarity of target cell?
make them more negative inside

Neuro Muscle Physiology (24 decks)

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