1
Q
what is evolution by natural selection?
A
- variation in traits
- differential reproduction
- heredity
- evolution
2
Q
what is variation in traits?
A
- variety of phenotype and genotype of individuals
- you have to assume this is genetic variation for natural selection to happen
3
Q
what is differential reproduction?
A
- not all individuals get to reproduce to their full potential
- selection pressure - selects those individuals that can reproduce
4
Q
what is heredity?
A
e.g. surviving brown beetles have brown baby beetles because this trait has a genetic basis
5
Q
what is evolution?
A
- usually over many generations
- the more advantageous trait allows individual to have more offspring and becomes more common in the population
- eventually all individuals in the population will have advantageous trait
6
Q
what is a niche?
A
the role of an organisms habitat, reproduction, disease etc.
7
Q
what are the 14 concepts in natural selection?
A
- there is a fit between organisms and their environments
- evolution results from selection acting upon genetic variation within a population
- new heritable traits can result from recombination of existing genes or genetic mutations in reproductive cells
- mutations are random
- advantageous traits are adaptations
- inherited characteristics affect survival and reproduction
- inherited characteristics can be advantageous, neutral or detrimental
- random factors affect survival
- natural selection acts on variation
- organisms can’t intentionally produce adaptive mutations in response to environmental influences
- populations evolve not individuals
- proportion of individuals with advantageous adaptations increases over time
- evolution results in genetic drift acting on genetic variation
- fitness is reproductive success
8
Q
what is methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
A
- groups of gram-positive bacteria that are genetically distinct from other strains of staphylococcus aureus
- responsible for several hard-to-treat infections in humans
- MRSA is any strain of S. aureus that’s developed through natural selection or acquired through horizontal gene transfer
9
Q
what is the evolution of the peppered moth an example of?
A
directional evolution by natural selection
10
Q
how is the evolution of the peppered moth an example of directional evolution by natural selection?
A
- frequency of dark coloured moths increased at that time
- dark moths become the dominant form compared to peppered moths
- this selective survival was due to birds which easily cause dark moths on clean trees, and white moths on trees darkened with soot
11
Q
what is the founder effect?
A
loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population
(extreme version of genetic drift)
Biology - mr ellis
flashcards
Decks in class (76)
# Cards
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module 2 - 2.1 microscopy20
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module 2 - 2.2 magnification and calibration6
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module 2 - 2.3 more microscopy12
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module 2 - 2.4 eukaryotic cell structure & 2.5 the ultrastructure of plants24
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module 2 - 2.5 continued - cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells6
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module 2 - 3.8 nucleic acids57
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module 2 - 3.9 DNA replication and the genetic code44
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module 2 - 3.10 protein synthesis51
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module 2 - 3.11 ATP31
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module 2 - 5.1 structure and function of membranes67
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module 2 - 5.2 factors affecting membrane structure18
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module 2 - 5.3 diffusion and passive transport29
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module 2 - 5.4 active transport22
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module 2 - 5.5 osmosis26
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module 2 - 6.1 the cell cycle39
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module 2 - 6.2 mitosis25
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module 2 - 6.3 meiosis20
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module 2 - 6.4 organisation and specialisation of specialised cells & 6.5 stem cells30
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module 3 - 7.1 specialised exchange surfaces13
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module 3 - 7.2 mammalian gaseous exchange system41
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module 3 - 7.3 measuring the process of breathing17
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module 3 - 7.4 ventilation and gas exchange in other organisms50
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module 3 - 8.1 transport systems in multicellular organisms9
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module 3 - 8.2 blood vessels35
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module 3 - 8.3 blood, tissue fluid and lymph30
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module 3 - 8.4 transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood42
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module 3 - 8.5 the heart27
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module 4 - 10.1 classification15
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module 4 - 10.2 the 5 kingdoms10
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module 4 - 10.3 phylogeny8
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module 4 - 10.4 evidence for evolution23
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module 4 - 10.5 types of variation29
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module 4 - 10.6 representing variation graphically17
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module 5 - 10.7 adaptations22
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module 4 - 10.8 changing populations characteristics11
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module 5 - 13.1 coordination18
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module 5 - 13.2 neurones23
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module 5 - 13.3 sensory receptors12
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module 5 - 13.4 nervous transmission33
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module 5 - 13.5 synapses24
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module 5 - 13.6 organisation of the nervous system18
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module 5 - 13.7 structure and function of the brain18
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module 5 - 13.8 reflexes12
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module 5 - 13.9 voluntary and involuntary muscles14
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module 5 - 13.10 the sliding filament model25
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module 5 - 14.1 hormonal communication26
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module 5 - 14.2 structure and function of the pancreas11
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module 5 - 14.3 regulation of blood glucose concentration18
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module 5 - 14.4 diabetes and its control11
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module 5 - 14.5 coordinated responses16
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module 5 - 14.6 controlling heart rate10
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15.1 the principles of homeostasis0
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15.2 thermoregulation in ectotherms0
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15.3 thermoregulation in endotherms0
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15.4 exctretion, homeostasis and the liver0
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15.5 structure and function of the mammalian kidney0
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15.6 the kidney and osmoregulation0
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15.7 urine and diagnosis & 15.8 kidney failure0
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module 5 - 16.1 plant hormones and growth in plants25
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module 5 - 16.2 and 16.3 plant responses to abiotic stress and herbivory18
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module 5 - 16.4 tropisms in plants & 16.5 the commercial uses of plant hormones18
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module 5 - 17.1 energy cycles & 17.2 ATP synthesis25
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module 5 - 17.3 photosynthesis (1)26
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module 2 - 17.3 photosynthesis (2)7
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module 5 - 17.4 factors affecting photosynthesis26
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module 5 - 18.1 glycolysis & 18.2 linking glycolysis and the Krebs cycle27
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module 5 - 18.3 the krebs cycle22
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module 5 - 18.4 oxidative phosphorylation25
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module 5 - 18.5 anaerobic respiration15
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module 5 - 18.6 respiratory substrates20
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BIOLOGY MODULE 2 (papers 1,2, & 3)242
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BIOLOGY MODULE 3 (papers 1 & 3)109
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BIOLOGY MODULE 4 (papers 2 & 3)1
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BIOLOGY MODULE 5 (papers 1 & 3) incomplete - add plant hormone PAGs and kidney stuff after mocks176
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BIOLOGY MODULE 6 (papers 2 & 3)4
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A LEVEL BIOLOGY KEY TERMS83
