module 4: geology

Question 1

 A dynamic planet and constantly changing structure.
 A layered sphere.

Answer 1

Earth

Question 2

interior, is composed of a dense, intensely hot mass of metal, mostly iron, thousands of kilometers in diameter.

Answer 2

Core

Question 3

surrounding the molten outer core. It is a hot, pliable layer of rock.

Answer 3

Mantle

Question 4

the cool, lightweight, brittle rock outermost layer of the earth

Answer 4

Crust

Question 5

publish a sketch showing how the two continents could fit together, jigsaw-puzzle fashion.

Answer 5

Antonio Snider

Question 6

Climatologist, was struck not only by the matching coastlines, but by geologic evidence from the continents.

Answer 6

Alfred Wegener

Question 7

may preserve evidence of the ancient climate of the time and place in which the sediments were deposited.

Answer 7

Sedimentary rocks

Question 8

There are evidences of extensive glaciation in places now located in the tropics

Answer 8

parts of Australia, southern Africa, and South America.

Question 9

There are coal deposits

Answer 9

Antarctica

Question 10

fossil plant, remains of which are found in limited areas of widely separated lands

Answer 10

Glossopteris

Question 11

fossils of a small reptile, similarly dispersed across two continents.

Answer 11

Mesosaurus

Question 12

the modern continents moving to their present positions via a process

Answer 12

continental drift

Question 13

study of large scale movement and deformation of the earth’s outer layers

Answer 13

Tectonics

Question 14

such deformation to the existence and movement of rigid “plates” over a weaker, more plastic layer in the earth’s upper mantle

Answer 14

Plate tectonics

Question 15

The earth’s crust and uppermost mantle are somewhat brittle and elastic

Answer 15

Lithosphere

Question 16

meaning “without strength”,
 Its lack of strength or rigidity results from a combination of high temperatures and moderate confining pressures that allows the rock to flow plastically under stress.

Answer 16

Asthenosphere

Question 17

The distribution of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions indicates that these phenomena are far from uniformly distributed over the earth.

Answer 17

Locating Plate Boundaries

Question 18

lithospheric plates MOVE APART

Answer 18

Divergent plate boundary

Question 19

most common type of divergent boundary worldwide, and it is already noted the formation of new oceanic lithosphere at these ridges.

Answer 19

SEAFLOOR SPREADING RIDGES

Question 20

plates are MOVING TOWARD EACH OTHER

Answer 20

Convergent plate boundary

Question 21

This type of plate boundary, where one plate is carried down below (subducted beneath) another

Answer 21

subduction zone

Question 22

At an ocean-ocean convergence, the result is commonly a line of volcanic islands

Answer 22

island arc

Question 23

are frequent during continent-continent collision as a consequence of the large stresses involved in the process

Answer 23

Earthquakes

Question 24

ridges consist of many short segments slightly OFFSET from one another

Answer 24

Transform Boundaries

Question 25

The offset is a special kind of fault, or break in the lithosphere

Answer 25

transform fault

Question 26

naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound with a definite chemical composition and a regular internal crystal structure

Answer 26

mineral

Question 27

not produced solely by living organisms or by biological processes

Answer 27

Inorganic

Question 28

materials are solids in which the atoms or ions are arranged in regular, repeating patterns.

Answer 28

Crystalline

Question 29

The two fundamental characteristics of a mineral that together distinguish it from all other minerals are its

Answer 29

chemical composition and its crystal structure

Question 30

A mineral’s composition and crystal structure can usually be determined only by

Answer 30

using sophisticated laboratory equipment.

Question 31

the largest compositional group of minerals

Answer 31

SILICATES

Question 32

Two most common elements in the earth’s crust are

Answer 32

silicon and oxygen

Question 33

probably the best known silicate. Compositionally, it is the simplest, containing only silicon and oxygen.

Answer 33

Quartz

Question 34

The most abundant group of minerals in the crust

Answer 34

Feldspars

Question 35

The general term used to describe those silicates that contain iron and/or magnesium, with or without additional elements.

Answer 35

Ferromagnesian

Question 36

simple ferromagnesian mineral, is a major constituent of earth’s mantle

Answer 36

Olivine

Question 37

sheet silicates, built on an atomic scale of stacked-up sheets of linked silicon and oxygen atoms

Answer 37

Micas

Question 38

the sheets tend to slide past each other, a characteristic that contributes to the slippery feel of many clays and related minerals

Answer 38

Clays

Question 39

mineral group is defined by some chemical constituent or characteristic that all members of the group have in common

Answer 39

NONSILICATES

Question 40

is a solid, cohesive aggregate of one or more minerals, or mineral materials

Answer 40

rock

Question 41

The three broad categories of rocks

Answer 41

igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

Question 42

a rock formed by the solidification and crystallization of a cooling magma.

Answer 42

IGNEOUS ROCK

Question 43

the name given to naturally occurring hot, molten rock material

Answer 43

Magma

Question 44

the most widely known example of a plutonic rock

Answer 44

Granite

Question 45

are loose, unconsolidated accumulations of mineral or rock particles that have been transported by wind, water, or ice, or shifted under the influence of gravity, and redeposited

Answer 45

Sediments

Question 46

When sediments are compacted or cemented together into a solid, cohesive mass - formed at low temperatures

Answer 46

sedimentary rocks

Question 47

set of processes by which sediments are transformed into rock

Answer 47

lithification

Question 48

Formed from the products of the mechanical breakup of other rocks.

Answer 48

Clastic sedimentary rocks

Question 49

composed mostly of calcite

Answer 49

Limestone

Question 50

made up of the mineral halite

Answer 50

Rock salt

Question 51

one that has formed from another, preexisting rock that was subjected to heat and/or pressure.

Answer 51

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Question 52

Heat and pressure commonly cause the minerals in the rock to

Answer 52

recrystallize

Question 53

metamorphosed shale that has developed foliation under stress

Answer 53

Quartzite

Question 54

a schematic view. Basically, a variety of geologic processes can transform any rock into a new rock of the same or a different class

Answer 54

rock cycle

Question 55

the study of resources that are valuable for manufacturing

Answer 55

Economic mineralogy

Question 56

An ancient method of accumulating gold, diamonds, and coal is

Answer 56

placer mining

Question 57

minerals are a broad class that covers resources from silicate minerals

Answer 57

Nonmetals

Question 58

Another ancient, and much more dangerous, method is

Answer 58

underground mining

Question 59

roasting ore to release metals—is a major source of air pollution

Answer 59

Smelting

Question 60

sudden movements in the earth’s crust that occur along faults

Answer 60

Earthquakes

Question 61

giant sea waves triggered by earthquakes or landslides

Answer 61

Tsunamis

Question 62

general term for rapid downslope movement of soil or rock

Answer 62

Landslide

Question 63

occurs on all sandy shorelines because the motion of the waves is constantly redistributing sand and other sediments

Answer 63

Beach erosion

Question 64

refers to atmospheric conditions that occur locally over short periods of time

Answer 64

Weather

Question 65

refers to the long-term regional or even global average of temperature

Answer 65

Climate

Question 66

Warming that result when the atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth toward space

Answer 66

Greenhouse Effect

Question 67

Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect include:

Answer 67

➢ Water vapour ➢ Carbon Dioxide ➢ Methane ➢ Nitrous Oxide ➢ Chlorofluorocarbons

Question 67

The long-term heating of Earth’s climate

Answer 67

Global Warming

Question 68

A long-term change in the average weather patterns

Answer 68

Climate Change