Module 5 - GLPH 171 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Thoughtful and formal statements that either verbally or textually respect and recognize the Indigenous Peoples of the territory you are on as the traditional stewards of the land. Furthermore, they recognize the perpetual and enduring relationship between Indigenous Peoples and their traditional territories.
A
Land Acknowledgements
2
Q
Why are land acknowledgements important (2)?
A
- honours and expresses gratitude to Indigenous Peoples who have been working and living on the land
- demonstrates understanding of the long history that has brought one to reside on the land and where they fit in history
3
Q
Queen’s Land Acknowledgment:
This territory is included in the ……, an agreement between the ….. Confederacy and the Confederacy of the ….. and Allied Nations to peaceably share and care for the resources around the Great Lakes. The Kingston Indigenous community continues to reflect the area’s ….. and …. roots. There is also a significant Métis community as well as First Peoples from other Nations across Turtle Island
present here today.
A
Dish with One Spoon Wampum Belt Covenant
Iroquis, Ojibwe
Anishnabeg, Haudinoshaunee
4
Q
Those who inhabited a country or region prior to the arrival of later settlers and immigrants.
A
Indigenous Peoples
5
Q
How many Indigenous Peoples are there in how many countries?
A
5000-6000 in 70 countries
6
Q
What percent of the world’s population is Indigenous? How many million people is that?
A
5%
300-350 million
7
Q
Describes Indigenous Peoples in Canada who are not Metis or Inuit.
A
First Nations
8
Q
Indigenous people of arctic.
A
Inuit
9
Q
Collective of cultures and ethnic identities derived from mixed European and Indigenous ancestry.
A
Metis
10
Q
How many Indigenous Peoples are there in Canada?
A
1.6-1.7 million, but reports vary based on how these identities are defined
11
Q
How many First Nation communities in Canada are there?
A
630
with more than 50 Nations and 50 Indigenous languages
12
Q
Amendments were made in 1982 to section 35 of the Canadian Constitution formally recognizing Indigenous Peoples in Canada as (5):
A
- First Nations
- Treaty Indians
- Non-treaty Indians
- Inuit
- Metis
13
Q
What percent of the Indigenous population has MULTIPLE INDIGENOUS IDENTITIES?
A
1.3%
14
Q
What percent of the Indigenous population is INUIT?
A
3.9%
15
Q
What percent of the Indigenous population is METIS?
A
35.1%
16
Q
What percent of the Indigenous population holds other Indigenous identities?
A
1.4%
17
Q
What percent of the Indigenous population is First Nations?
A
58.4%
18
Q
This term is no longer considered appropriate in most situations, and can be considered offensive, but used at times to refer to specific persons who have particular rights and responsibilities as stated in the Indian Act of 1876 (with revisions in 1951).
A
Indian
19
Q
What is the term Indian in the United States government used to refer to?
A
American Indian/Alaskan Native as a recognized grouping in the census and for health statistics.
20
Q
TRUE or FALSE: The Terminology Guide from the Queen’s Office of Indigenous Initiatives recommends to use the word “Aboriginal”
A
FALSE
21
Q
The ______ _________ decreed that the British government had the right to negotiate treaties and purchase lands previously occupied by Indigenous Peoples.
A
Royal Proclamation
22
Q
When was the Indian Act Introduced? When was it revised?
A
1876, 1951
23
Q
What did the Indian act create (3)?
A
- Paternalistic wardship system
- Created reserves
- Created the Treaty System
24
Q
The Indian Act legally defined who was and was not an “_______” according to the Canadian government.
A
Indian
25
Refers to a set of treaties, constitutionally recognized
agreements made between ________ Groups and the Government of _______ (the Crown), that exist as the basis of the alliance between Indigenous Peoples and Canada. These agreements establish
continuing treaty rights and _______ for each group.
Treaty System
Indigenous, Canada, benefits
26
TRUE OR FALSE: The term “Indian” is no longer considered appropriate in most situations to refer to
Indigenous Peoples in Canada
TRUE
27
TRUE or FALSE: The Indian Act was introduced in 1876 and revised in 1951. It created a paternalistic wardship system, created reserves, and created the Treaty system in Canada
TRUE
28
TRUE or FALSE: First Nations, Inuit, and Métis are commonly referred to as the three broad groups of
Indigenous Peoples in Canada
TRUE
29
TRUE or FALSE: Although there is much diversity, there has been much similarity in the experience of colonialism worldwide.
True
30
“the process of establishing a colony or group of settlers in a new land or territory, whether previously inhabited or not, during which the settlers are
both partially or fully subject to and accountable to their mother country of origin"
Colonization (according to Pearson and Trumble in 1996)
31
"The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically"
University of Saskatchewan colonization
32
What field played a major role in colonization and thus ideas of colonial _______ and colonization have been persistent and pervasive?
The field of medicine
33
What are four of the underlying reasons for the centrality of medicine to the colonial enterprise?
1) An ALTRUISTIC desire among those in colonizing nations to spread the benefits of western medicine.
2) The sense that western medicine is needed in communities elsewhere
3) The desire to keep colonial settlements healthy
4) The desire to keep the local workforce in colonial areas healthy
34
The federal government in Canada established _______ Hospitals for the treatment of _____ and ______ peoples in the _____th century. These hospitals lacked X, X, and X approaches to illness and treatment. The hospitals were designed to further assimilationist goals by replacing traditional healing with...
Indian, First Nations, Indian, 20, Indigenous medicines, midwives, holistic, biomedicine
35
Pre-European contact, there were X million inhabitants and X languages present in North America.
18, 2000
36
When did Canadian colonization start? This is when European traders, colonizers, whalers, and missionaries engaged with Indigenous Peoples and imposed their own cultural values, religion, and laws.
1535
37
True or False: Diseases such as smallpox, measles, and TB were KNOWN in Indigenous populations prior to contact.
FALSE
38
When were residential schools formed?
300 years post-contact
39
What are three diseases settlers introduced to Indigenous Peoples of North America?
measles, TB, smallpox
40
When did residential schools function in Canada? When were they mandatory for all Indigenous children?
1800-1996
1884-1948
41
Residential schools were often (NOT ALWAYS) run by... and would partnership with the ...
Christian churches
Canadian government
42
What were the two goals of the Residential School System?
- Remove and isolate children from the influence of their home, families, traditions, and cultures
- Assimilate into the dominant culture
43
TRUE or FALSE: The aims of residential school systems was also to convert children to Christianity.
TRUE
44
How many children were taken from their families and forced to attend residential schools?
150 000
45
TRUE or FALSE: Many children died in residential schools. Many children lost their language and culture, were abused, neglected, and/or forced to stay at school against their will.
TRUE
46
In May of 2021, X unmarked graves were found at former ____________ residential school site. Further unmarked graves were also found at the site of other former residential schools. An estimated X students died while attending residential school.
215, Kamloops BC, 4100
47
What has colonialism been associated with?
- Multiple forms of violence
- Land appropriation
- Oppression
- Many forms of structural and enduring Anti-Indigenous racism
- Negative health impacts
- Loss of culture and language
- Loss of livelihood and ways of life
48
TRUE or FALSE: Specific colonial history of any particular Indigenous group should be generalized.
FALSE
49
TRUE or FALSE: In addition to the residential school experience, there were groups that were forced to relocate, forced to settle in spaces not original to them, and histories of specific traumas that are documented/undocumented that should be explored.
TRUE
50
What are three health concerns related to the increases in incidence and prevalence of disease in Indigenous communities?
- Changes to traditional lifestyle and diet
- Poverty and poor living conditions
- Trauma, social exclusion, and injustice
51
What are increases in the incidence and prevalence rate of diseases associated with changes to traditional lifestyle and diet?
- CVD (heart attack/stroke)
- Diabetes
- Obesity
52
What are increases in the incidence and prevalence rates of diseases associated with poverty and poor living conditions?
- TB
- Exposure to toxins
- Injuries
- Diseases of contaminated water
53
What are increases in the incidence and prevalence rates of diseases associated with trauma, social exclusion, and injustice (4)?
- substance abuse
- family violence
- mental health concerns
- suicide
54
TRUE or FALSE: Colonialism has had a very significant impact on food insecurity among Indigenous populations
TRUE
55
Insufficient quantity or quality of food to meet an individual or families' food needs/preferences to live a healthy life, often due to....
financial constraints
FOOD INSECURITY
56
What percent of non-indigenous non-racialized people are food insecure?
11.1%
57
What percent of Indigenous off-reserve people are food insecure?
28.2%
58
What percent of First-Nation on-reserve people are food insecure?
50.8%
59
_________ of all First Nation families living on reserve report being food insecure.
Half
60
Reflects the right of Indigenous Peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food defined by their own sustainable agricultural systems.
Food sovereignty
61
What is Canada's Feed the Children's approach?
- achieve food sovereignty by partnering with Indigenous communities (grassroots approach)
- food sovereignty - nations of people able to feed their entire families and entire region for generations
62
Lands set aside by the Canadian government for use by Indigenous communities and created under the Indian Act are called...
Reserves
63
TRUE or FALSE: There are obligations for the provisions of housing, health, and social services on reserve, and there is ADEQUACY in all of these respects in on-reserve communities
FALSE
64
What percent of Inuit, First Nations, and Metis reported living in crowded housing? What about percent of Indigenous Persons that reported living in a dwelling that was in need of major repairs?
40% Inuit
23% First Nations
8% Metis
19% All Indigenous Persons reported living in a dwelling that was in need of major repairs
65
TRUE or FALSE: On-reserve and off-reserve Indigenous populations have the same socioeconomic and health indicators
FALSE
66
Are Indigenous populations reaching the median income that Non-Indigenous people are?
NO Non-Indigenous peoples have the highest median income compared to all Indigenous groups
67
Which Indigenous population has the highest median income?
Metis
68
Which Indigenous population has the lowest median income?
First Nations on reserve
69
Which two groups have female with a higher average median income than males?
First Nations on Reserve
Inuit
70
What is the report from BC called that examined Indigenous-specific racism in BC healthcare system?
In Plain Sight
71
Describe the cycle of Negative outcomes. HOW DO YOU BREAK THE CYCLE?
Indigenous Systems, Knowledge, Practices --> Colonialism --> Healthcare System --> Stereotypes --> Discrimination --> Less Access --> Poor Outcomes (back to stereotypes)
BREAK:
- Involves self-determination and Indigenous leadership cultural safety, active anti-racism, advocacy for Indigenous rights in healthcare. This will lead to Indigenous systems, knowledge practices, and substantive equality to reach positive health outcomes
72
T/F: There is no similarity whatsoever in the experience of colonialism worldwide
FALSE
73
T/F Medicine was central to the colonial enterprise globally
TRUE
74
T/F Reports show that Indigenous Peoples do not experience discrimination when navigating the healthcare system in Canada
FALSE
75
T/F Increases in incidence and prevalence of diseases within Indigenous communities, have been associated with experiences of trauma, social exclusion, and injustice
TRUE
76
T/F A substantial portion of on-reserve housing in Canada is in need of major repair
TRUE
77
What are determinants that are key for Indigenous Peoples' health?
- Loss/Strength of Language, Culture and Heritage
- Connection to the Land
- Self Determination
- Level of Access to Services
- Financial Security/Insecurity
- Housing Conditions
- Water Safety
- Food Security/Insecurity
- Experiences of Discrimination and Injustice
78
Who made the Web of Being? What does it include?
Gracey and King (2009) posited that social determinants for Indigenous Peoples' health can be mapped this way
79
T/F: Web of Being includes many determinants for the general public.
False
80
What are distal determinants?
- self determination
- language
- culture and heritage
- land resources
- racism
- poverty
- dislocation
- residential schools
- social exclusion
81
What are intermediate determinants?
- health systems
- location
- education systems
- early childhood
- environmental stewardship
- justice
- social services
- racism and social exclusion
- community infrastructure
- cultural ways
82
What are proximal determinants? What do they also include?
- income
- social support networks
- personal access to the land
- food security
- education
- gender
Includes lifestyle (ex smoking or diet) and physical environment including housing and access to services
83
TRUE or FALSE: Metis, First Nations, and Inuit have many similar but unique DOH
TRUE
84
Which group was subjected to forced relocation to the high Arctic as part of the Canadian government's desire to assert ownership in these regions, or were discouraged to settle in specific areas.
Inuit
85
These people were denied physical spaces for their communities.
Metis
86
What are DOH that affect remote Indigenous communities?
- rely more on hunting, fishing, and foraging and can be impacted by food insecurity and high imported food costs
- limited opportunities for higher education and occupations
- housing quality and quantity limited
87
What are DOH that affect reserve Indigenous communities? What's a positive?
- conditions of public services (ex. schools, sanitation, and water services, health services) on some reserves are lower quality or limited
- space for housing development is limited
BUT there is formal governance that can help advocate for community needs
88
What are DOH that affect urban Indigenous communities? What's a positive?
- may only be certain cultural, social, and language supports available within their urban setting
- may have differing access to traditional food/land that may otherwise be more accessible in remote or reserve communities
More opportunities for diverse educational or occupational experiences.
89
What is a KEY DOH for Indigenous peoples?
Self-determination
90
The process of choosing freely, individually, or as a collective without external compulsion.
Self-determination
91
Who wrote this: "Lack of control over important dimensions of living in itself contributes to ill health. Indigenous Peoples want to exercise their own judgement and understanding about what makes them healthy, their own skills in solving health and social problems"
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1996
92
Which age group reports the highest amount of excellent or very good health?
12-24
93
Which age group reports the lowest amount of excellent or very good health?
45 years and older
94
Which group has the highest overall scores of excellent or very good health?
Non-indigenous identity population
95
Which group has the lowest overall scores of excellent or very good health?
Inuit
96
Do men or women have the highest prevalence of suicidal thoughts?
Women
97
Which group has the lowest report of suicide rates?
Non-Indigenous
98
Which groups have the highest reports of suicide rates?
First Nations living off reserve
(women)
Inuit (Men)
99
True or False: Men are more likely to die by suicide than women who have attempted suicide, therefore the underlying populations of men or women may differ
TRUE
100
Which group has the highest rate of smoking, heavy drinking, and non drinking? Lowest?
Inuit
Non-Indigenous
101
Which group faces higher levels of sexual assault, robbery, and physical assault?
Indigenous population
102
TRUE/FALSE: There are no social and power differentials between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations.
FALSE
103
TRUE or FALSE: Indigenous ways of knowing recognize different sources and forms of knowledge and value many forms of evidence
TRUE
104
TRUE or FALSE: Conditions of public services on some reserves may be lower quality or limited
TRUE
105
TRUE or FALSE: Statistics show that reports of experiences of violence are lower for Indigenous as compared to non-Indigenous people
FALSE
106
TRUE or FALSE: Determinants proximal to the individual, in the Web of Being, include social services and community infrastructure.
FALSE
107
TRUE or FALSE: Some key determinants of Indigenous Peoples' health include housing conditions, water safety, and food security/insecurity.
TRUE
108
The ongoing process between Indigenous Peoples and non-Indigenous Peoples (including the Crown in Canada) where a mutually respectful framework for living together and producing holistically healthy, sustainable, and strong Indigenous nations within a strong Canada is strived for.
Reconciliation
109
WHO SAID: "We have survived Canada's assault on our identity and rights. Our survival is a testament to our determination and will to survive as a people. We are prepared to participate in Canada's future - but only on the terms that we believe to be our rightful heritage."
Wallace Labillois, Council of Elders, Royal Comission on Aboriginal Peoples 1996
110
Who is Murray Sinclair?
A Chancellor of Queen's University
111
When is National Day for Truth and Reconciliation?
September 30th
112
What are five events that happened on the Road to Reconciliation? Provide dates.
2008 - formal apology from federal government for residential school system
2015 - TRC report released
2016 - Indigenous population growing in number, much younger than Canadian population. Many efforts toward truth, reconciliation, and revitalization support Indigenous communities in Canada
2019 - government launched investigation into deaths and disappearances of more than 2298 murdered and missing Indigenous women
2021 - May 2021 - documentation of thousands of unmarked graves of Indigenous children at former residential school sites across Canada
113
Between 2008 and 2014, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) heard stories from thousands of residential school survivors across Canada and released a report based on what was learned. States that Indigenous policies of the past 100 years were "cultural genocide." Within the report, how many Calls to Action are there which provide instruction to guide governments and communities on the road to reconciliation.
94
114
What are some categories in the 94 TRC calls to action?
* Child Welfare
* Education
* Health
* Language and Culture
* Justice
* United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
* Covenant of Reconciliation
* Settlement Agreements
* Legal System
* National Council for Reconciliation
* Professional Development and Training
* Church Apologies
* Youth Programs
* Museums and Archives
* Information about Missing Children
* Nat’l Centre for TR
* Commemoration
* Media
* Sports
* Business
115
How many of the calls to action for the Truth and Reconciliation have been achieved?
13
116
How many of the calls to action for the Truth and Reconciliation have NOT been started?
19 - adoption of legal principles related to Indigenous land related claims, adoption by the corporate sector in Canada of the UN declaration on rights of Indigenous peoples
117
Why are some of the calls to action not addressed?
Complex - has to do with power and privilege
- Structural changes needed to address reconciliation
118
What is a human rights instrument that can be used as a guide to set and compare standards for the survival, dignity, and wellbeing of Indigenous peoples called? When was this assumed?
UNDRIP
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Adopted by General Assembly in 2007
119
What made the UNDRIP policy move more slowly?
United State's concerns of provisions relating to right to self-determination of Indigenous Peoples and authority over natural resources existing on Indigenous Peoples' lands
120
What is the focus of the UNDRIP?
Focuses on the rights of Indigenous Peoples to live with self worth; to sustain and fortify their own institutions, cultures, and traditions; and to continue working on their self-determined development, in conjunction with their own needs and desires
121
TRUE or FALSE: A significant number of the rights in the Declaration require advanced and improved approaches to global issues, such as decentralization, development, and multicultural democracy. Accomplishing total respect for diversity will require countries to take on participatory approaches to Indigenous issues, which will need efficacious consultations and the building and fostering of partnerships with Indigenous Peoples.
TRUE
122
TRUE or FALSE: Engaging respectfully with Indigenous Elders and communities is also important part of reconciliation.
TRUE
123
What are ways to interact with Indigenous Elders?
Exchange of tobacco when asking an Elder to share traditional knowledge or engage in some aspect of ceremony (ex. meeting opening or closing, smudging, prayer)
124
What are some ways to interact with Indigenous Communities?
Advisory group to review a request and/or having the project led by members of the community.
125
What does OCAP stand for? Who is it sanctioned by? What do they do?
Principles of ownership, control, access, and possession
Sanctioned by the First Nations Information Governance Committee
They outline stewardship principles that require First Nation ownership of, control of, access to, and
possession of its own knowledge including data or any information collected about or with Indigenous
communities
126
What does the Tri-Council Policy Statement - Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans outline? What does Chapter 9 include?
Basic principles for engaging in research with Indigenous communities. States that when proposing research involving Indigenous participants, researchers should advise their research ethics board on how they have appropriately engaged, or intend to engage with, the relevant Indigenous community
127
T/F: Reconciliation is not important when working to achieve Indigenous health equity.
False
128
T/F: There currently are no guidance frameworks that give direction to health practitioners and health researchers who are working with Indigenous Peoples
False
129
T/F: The TRC has 24 calls to action
FALSE
130
T/F: Education and health are two categories of the TRC calls to action.
TRUE
131
T/F: the OCAP principles refer to ownership, control, access, possession
True
