Shahada
faith
Salat
prayer
Hajj
pilgrimage
Zakat
alms
swam
fasting
Shi’a
the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad
Caliph
a supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government
Shari’a
a body of law governing the lives of Muslims
Sunni
the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad
Shah
hereditary monarch of Iran
Sultan
“overlord”; title for Ottoman rulers
Ottoman
followers of Osman
Umayyads
dynasty
Sunna
an islamic model; for living, based on the life and leadings of Muhammad