Module 8: Internal Transport Flashcards by Thai Nguyen

In very small animals and unicellular organisms, materials are exchanged by _______, the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration

Diffusion

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______ between the cells provides a medium of diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes

Interstitial fluid

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Evolution of specialized ______ allowed animals and plants to increase in size

Circulatory systems

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Circulatory systems transport _____(4) and other materials to the interstitial fluid surrounding all the cells and removes metabolic waste

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Hormones

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In ______ systems, nutrients and waste are able to diffuse due to small size

No circulatory

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Larger animals require a ______ to efficiently distribute materials

Circulatory systems

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______ is a connective tissue consisting of cells and cell fragments dispersed in a fluid, usually called plasma

Blood

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A pumping organ, generally a _______

Heart

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______ through which blood circulates

Blood vessels

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Two main types of circulatory systems are ______ and _______ systems

Open

Closed

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Body cells are ______ in direct contact with blood in closed circulatory systems

Not

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The heart pumps blood into a ______ system of blood vessels

Closed continuous

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The walls of the smallest blood vessels, the _______, are thin enough to permit diffusion of gases, nutrients between blood in the vessels ad the interstitial fluid that bathes the cells

Capillaries

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The vertebrate ______ consists of heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, lymph vessels, and associated organs such as the thymus, spleen, liver

Circulatory system

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The vertebrate circulatory system transports ______(4), helps (3), and ______

Nutrients, oxygen, metabolic wastes, hormones
Maintain fluid balance, distribute metabolic heat, maintain pH
Defends body against invading microorganism

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Why did the vertebrate cardiovascular system evolve? (3)

Larger animals require more efficient system
The site of gas exchange shifted from gills to lungs
Some vertebrates became active endothermic animals with higher metabolic activity

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Fish has _ atria, _ ventricles, _ circuits, and is oxygen-rich blood separate from oxygen-poor blood?

1
1
1
No

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Amphibians have _ atria, _ ventricles, _ circuits, and is oxygen-rich blood separate from oxygen-poor blood?

2
1
2
Partially

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Reptiles have _ atria, _ ventricles, _ circuits, and is oxygen-rich blood separate from oxygen-poor blood?

2
2
2
Partially or fully (organism specific)

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Birds/mammals have _ atria, _ ventricles, _ circuits, and is oxygen-rich blood separate from oxygen-poor blood?

2
2
2
Fully

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Adult humans have ______ liters of blood

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______ is the fluid in which blood is suspended (55% blood volume)

Plasma

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______ is plasma that has leaked from a blood vessel into a surrounding tissue. It circulates separately from the blood

Lymph

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______ include: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

Cellular components

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______ or red blood cells are highly specialized for transporting oxygen Produced in ______ Contain large quantities of oxygen transporting ______

Erythrocytes Bone marrow Hemoglobin

______ or white blood cells defend the body against harmful bacteria and other microorganisms Capable of independent movement

Leukocytes

Mammals have _______, tiny fragments of cytoplasm punched off from large cells in the bone marrow which release _______ that stop the loss of blood

Platelets | Clotting factors

Vertebrates have 3 main types of blood vessels

Arteries Veins Capillaries

______ always carry blood away from the heart when divide into small branches called _______

Arteries | Arterioles

______ and ______ carry blood back toward the heart

Veins | Venules

_______ are microscopic vessels that form networks which exchange materials between blood and tissues

Capillaries

Blood flow (7)

Heart -> artery -> arteriole -> capillaries -> venues -> veins -> heart

Inner lining (tunica internia)

Endothelial cells/endothelium

Middle layer (tunica media)

Smooth muscle cells

Outer layer (tunica externa)

Connective tissue, rich in elastic and collagen fibers

Smooth muscle in arteriole walls control ______ and _______ of blood to tissues and are regulated by the nervous system

Blood pressure | Distribution

_______ tightening of smooth muscle cells produce blood flow and increases pressure

Vasoconstriction

______ relaxation of smooth muscle cells increase blood flow and decreases pressure

Vasodilation

_______ and ______ nerves control heart rate, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation

Sympathetic | Parasympathetic

______ is the force exerted by the blood against the inner walls of the blood vessels, measured by sphygmomanometer

Blood pressure

BP > 140/90 = _______

Hypertension

The heart is a hollow muscular organ consisting mainly of _______

Cardiac muscle

A connective tissue sac _______ encloses the heart

Pericardium

_______ is the largest vein

Vena cava

______ is the largest artery

Aorta

_______ are flaps of tissue that prevent backwards blood flow

Valves

______ between atrium and ventrical

Tricuspid valve

_______ of _______ between left atrium and ventricle

Mitral | Bicuspid valve

_______ valves are between atria and ventricles

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

_______ guard exits from the heart

Semilunar valve

______ between the left ventricle and the aorta

Aortic valve

______ between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Pulmonary valve

______ circuit takes the blood to and from the lungs

Pulmonary

______ circuit takes blood to and from every else in the body

Systemic

______ consists of an extensive network of lymphatic vessels that conduct lymph (clear fluid formed from interstitial fluid)

Lymphatic vessels

______ a type of connective tissue with large numbers of lymphocytes

Lymphatic tissue

Lymphatic tissues are organized into ______ which are small masses of tissue that filter bacterial

Lymph nodes

______ (3) consists mainly of lymphatic tissue

Tonsils Thymus Spleen

3 main lymphatic circulation functions

Absorbs excess water from the blood Absorb fat in the digestive tract Essential for immune function

Flow of lymph in the lymphatic system (4)

Enter the lymph capillaries where it becomes lymph Lymph then flows into lymphatic vessels At certain locations, lymph circulates through the lymph nodes Lymph is returned to blood circulatory system

______ is deficiency of hemoglobin which can be caused by blood loss, decrease production of hemoglobin or RBC, increased rate of RBC destruction

Anemia

______ is a mutation in hemoglobin causes RBC to sickle in tissues where oxygen levels are low

Sickle cell anemia

______ form of cancer which WBC multiply rapidly within bone marrow, crowding out developing RBC and platelets, leading to anemia like and impaired clotting

Leukemia

______ a shoft hissing house when the valves in the heart don't function correctly

Heart murmur

_______ decreased blood flow due to narrow coronary Artie's or embolism that blocks oxygen to the heart muscle

Myocardial infarction/heart attack

Failure of the valves in the veins causing swelling

Varicose veins

_______ amplify and record the hearts electrical activity

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

______ provide continuous rhythmic impulse that avoid the block and drive the heartbeat

Artificial pacemakers

_______ is the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between an organism and its environment

Organismal respiration

______ takes place in the mitochondrial of eukaryotes – oxygen is the final electron acceptor and carbon dioxide is a metabolic waste product

Aerobic cellular respiration

______ take place in the cytoplasm of some bacteria – nitrate or sulfate is the final electron acceptor. High oxygen levels may be toxic

Anaerobic cellular respiration

______ take place in the chloroplasts in plants, algae, and some bacteria require CO2 and produces O2

Photosynthesis

______ is sufficient in small organisms like sponges, hydras, and flat worms

Diffusion

In complex animals specialized respiratory structures such as ______ or _______ deliver oxygen to cells of to a transport system and facilitate excretion of carbon dioxide

Gills | Lungs

In vertebrates, respiratory systems and circulatory systems are functionally ______

Connected

4 main types of respiratory surfaces

Body surface Tracheal tubes Gills Lungs

______ are moist, thin structures that extend from the body surface – the outer surface is exposed to the water, the inner surface networks of blood vessels Found in aquatic mollusks, crustations, fishes, and amphibians

Gills

Advantages of breaking air rather than water (3)

Contains high concentrations of O2 Oxygen diffuse faster in air than water Less energy is needed to move air over gas exchange surface

Disadvantages of breathing air

Respiratory surface must be kept moist because oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve in fluid

Gas exchange occurs through the ______ in small animals with high surface area to volume ratios and low metabolic rates

Entire body surface

Insects and some other anthropoids have a network of ______ that delivers air directly to cells

Tracheal tubes

Air enters through ______ along the body surface – muscles may help pump air in and out of the ______

Spiracles

In the body, trachea tubes terminate in microscopic fluid filled _____, where gas are exchanged with body cells

Tracheoles

______ are the sac shaped organs that include a network of interior tubes and tissues designed to facilitate exchange of gases with blood Evolved to cover larger surface areas

Lungs

Each lung is cover with _______ which forms a continuous sac that encloses the lung

Pleural membrane

A film of fluid in the _____ provides lubrication between the lungs and the chest wall

Pleural cavity

The bronchi branch into small _______ each ending in a cluster of tiny air sacs ______

Bronchioles | Alveoli

Each alveolus is lined by a _____ layer of epithelial cells through which gases diffuse into the surrounding capillaries

Single

Wind pipe

Trachea

Passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lung

Bronchus

Branches of bronchi into alveoli

Bronchioles

Air sacs

Alveoli

______ is the mechanical process of moving air from the environment into the lungs

Breathing

______ is the body cavity in which the lungs are located

Thoracic cavity

______ run along the ribs, defined the sides of the theocratic cavity

Intercostal muscles

______ defines the bottom of the thoracic cavity

Diaphragm

_______ is a lid like cartilaginous structure that covers the entrance to the ______ and separates it from the pharynx Folds to prevent food going into the ______ and instead directs it to the ______

Epiglottis Larynx Trachea Esophagus

_______ combine reversible with oxygen and greatly increase the capacity of blood transport oxygen

Respiratory pigments

______ is an iron containing protein found in red blood cells of vertebrates and some invertebrates

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is composed of 4 polypeptide chains typically _______ and ______ which is attached to a ______ ring

2 alpha 2 beta chains Heme

An oxygen molecule attaches to the iron atom in each heme to form ______ (99% of hemoglobin)

Oxyhemoglobin

Carbon dioxide transport is catalyzed in red blood cells by ______

Carbonic anhydrase

Somatic capillaries donate oxygen to tissues and collect carbon dioxide

Molecular exchange in tissues

Alveolar capillaries pick up oxygen for circulation and they give carbon dioxide to areole for exhalation

Molecular exchange in the lungs

______ can be used for people who have stopped breaking due to drowning, smoke inhalation, or electric shock

Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation

______ is a method of aiding victims of respiratory and cardiac arrest

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

______ is inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs

Chronic bronchitis

_______ is tissues necessary to support the physical shape and function of the lungs are destroying causing shortness of breath

Pulmonary emphysema

______ occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

_______ uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung

Lung cancer

______ is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm

Asthma

Asthma is caused by ______ to common allergies

Allergic hypersensitivity

_______ is a pleiotropic disease Caused by genetic mutation in the chloride ion transporter Thick and sticky mucus that Nicole's in the airways which makes bacteria grow and cause infections

Cystic fibrosis

Module 8: Internal Transport Flashcards

(113 cards)