Module Six

Question 1

Define ‘notational system’ and give three examples.

Answer 1

A system used to represent different quantities or characters. (Decimal, binary, and hexadecimal).

Question 2

Binary

Answer 2

Also called ‘base 2’.
Start with the number 1. Every place value to the left of one is multiplied times 2 (Bi meaning two).

Question 3

Tell me four things about Hex (hexadecimal).

Answer 3

1. A base of 16.
2. Start with 1 then multiply times 16.
3. Numbers larger than 9 are assigned letters. (A = 10, B = 11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15).
4. Used in programming and Internet Protocol.

Question 4

What is a ‘bit’?

Answer 4

The basic unit of computer data. Also called the ‘binary digit’.

Question 5

How many bits in a ‘byte’?

Answer 5

8

Question 6

How many bits in a ‘double byte’?

Answer 6

16

Question 7

“KiloByte”

Answer 7

(KB) 1000 bytes.
Small files.

Question 8

‘MegaByte’

Answer 8

(MB) One million bytes or 1000*1000. Many files.

Question 9

‘GigaByte’

Answer 9

(GB) One billion. Disk capacity.

Question 10

‘TeraByte’

Answer 10

(TB) One trillion bytes. Disk capacity or large storage networks.

Question 11

‘PetaByte’

Answer 11

(PB) One thousand trillion. Quadrillion Used by the largest storage networks and cloud systems.

Question 12

KibiByte

Answer 12

(KiB) 2^10 = 1024 bytes. Think 1,000.

Question 13

MebiByte

Answer 13

(MiB) 1024*1024 = 1,048,576 bytes. Think one million.

Question 14

GibiByte

Answer 14

(GiB) 102410241024. Think one billion.

Question 15

Kibi, Mibi, Gibi.

Answer 15

Measuring storage and capacities in binary instead of decimal. 2*x instead of 10^x.

Question 16

Throughput Rate

Answer 16

How fast data can be transferred between components in a computer or between computers in a network.

Question 17

How is ‘throughput’ measured?

Answer 17

bps (bits per second). Always measured in base 10. It can also be measured in bytes (B), but this is much less common.

Question 18

Kbps

Answer 18

Kb/s = 1000 bits.
1.Older computer peripheral interfaces (or buses).
2. Slow network links.

Question 19

Mbps

Answer 19

Mb/s one million bits.
1. Internal computer interfaces.
2. Wireless networks.
3. Residential Internet links.

Question 20

Gbps

Answer 20

Gb/s one billion bits. Current PC bus standards.

Question 21

Tbps

Answer 21

Tb/s. Found in major telecommunications links between data centers, cities, and countries.

Question 22

Hertz

Answer 22

(Hz) One cycle per second. A computers internal clock and the speed at which its processors work.

Question 23

Megahertz

Answer 23

(MHz) One million cycles per second. Older PC bus interfaces and many types of network interfaces.

Question 24

Gigahertz

Answer 24

(GHz) One billion cycles per second. Modern CPUs and but types plus fiber-optic network equipment work at these much faster speeds.

Question 25

Two things about Integers.

Answer 25

1. Whole numbers (e.g. 5, 21, or 65536). 2. Consumes 1-8 bytes of computer storage.

Question 26

Four things about Floating-point numbers.

Answer 26

1. Decimals (e.g. 4.1, 7.62...) 2. A whole number is also possible (e.g. 4.0). 3. Called a 'float' for short. 4. Consumes 4-8 bytes of storage.

Question 27

Two things about Boolean Values.

Answer 27

1. True or False (represented with a 1 or 0) 2. Consumes a single bit of storage.

Question 28

Three things about Characters.

Answer 28

1. 'char' for short. 2. Can be a letter, symbol, or even a number, however mathematical operations can not be performed on it. 3. Consumes one byte of data.

Question 29

Three things about Strings.

Answer 29

1. A collection of characters (e.g. XYZ, Hello world, Apartment #101). 2. No real storage limit. 3. Generally, a string length should be defined when you define the data type. (e.g.

Question 30

What are the two most common ways of presenting character set data?

Answer 30

1. ASCII. 2. Unicode.

Question 31

Five things about ASCII.

Answer 31

1. American Standard Code for Information Interchange. 2. Designed in 1963. 3. Represented by a seven bit binary number instead of an eight bit binary number. 4. With seven bits you can express 128 different values (1-127). 5. Nowadays ASCII can be extended to 256 values.

Question 32

Name three Unicode character encoding standards.

Answer 32

1. UTF-8 (used by many websites). 2. UTF-16 3. UTF-32

Question 33

What is an asset.

Answer 33

Something of commercial value.

Question 34

What is a 'security control'?

Answer 34

A mechanism designed to protect an information asset or processing system.

Question 35

Two things about ROSI.

Answer 35

1. Return on Security Investment. 2. Is the amount of money we spend on ROSI more or less than it would cost us to recover from data loss.

Question 36

What is 'data exfiltration'?

Answer 36

When an attacker removes data from your network without authorization.

Question 37

What is a 'data breach'?

Answer 37

When a network exposes private data publicly, whether the data is actively stolen or not.

Question 38

Give three examples of 'security control'.

Answer 38

1. Backups. 2. Access control. 3. High availability.

Question 39

Backup is an example of 'security control'. Define 'backup'.

Answer 39

Copies of data have been made and are easily and quickly available.

Question 40

Access control is an example of 'security control'. Define 'access control'.

Answer 40

It's self explanatory. Only people you want to have access to your data, have access to your date.

Question 41

Name four types of 'access control'.

Answer 41

1. Permissions. 2. Usage restrictions. 3. Data encryption. 4. Firewalls.

Question 42

Explain 'usage restriction'.

Answer 42

Rights management software controls what users can and can't do with data files (e.g. You can allow specific users to read a file, but not to copy or print a file).

Question 43

Explain 'data encryption'.

Answer 43

This means that data is encoded in such a way that only someone with the correct key can read it. Even if someone obtained the encoded data they couldn't read it without the key. Therefore Security Control would only have to protect the key itself, which is a small piece of data.

Question 44

What is the difference between 'encryption' and 'permission'?

Answer 44

Permission only works when the data is stored within an OS or network that "respects" the access control. If the data is transferred to another computer, the permission can be overridden. Encryption prevents this possibility. Most security systems use both permission and encryption.

Question 45

Explain a 'firewall'.

Answer 45

A firewall can control how hosts and network applications are accessible to one another.

Question 46

Explain 'high availability'.

Answer 46

Ensuring data is available in the event of one or several failures of hardware or software components within your infrastructure. Aka fault tolerance.

Question 47

Tell me six things about 'copyright'.

Answer 47

1. If I create something, it's automatically covered. 2. Proof of ownership can be registered with the Copyright Office. 3.Copyright does not apply to. a. An idea. b. Names. c. Phrases. d. Titles. 4. It lasts 15-70 years after the owners death. 5. If an employee creates something he has ownership, unless there is an employment clause saying otherwise (which there probably is). 6. Examples of things that can be copyrighted are books, films, plays, computer software, games, and artwork.

Question 48

Tell me four things about 'trademark'.

Answer 48

1. It's for a name and/or logo. 2. It must be distinctive. 3. An ordinary trademark is indicated by the ™ symbol. 4. A registered trademark is indicated by the ® symbol.

Question 49

Tell me five things about a 'patent'.

Answer 49

1. A legal protection for some kind of invention. 2. It can be an idea. Unlike with a copyright. 3. Patents are registered for a limited time. 4. There is no automatic protection. 5. A patent must be applied for Internationally.

Question 50

Tell me three things about 'DRM'.

Answer 50

1. Digital Rights Management. 2. Pay-per-use for digital products. 3. When a digital product is purchased, the vendor may license the file to be restricted to a certain number of devices.

Question 51

Tell me six things about 'digital product'.

Answer 51

1. A product that is sold or distributed as binary computer data. 2. Examples include software, games, ebooks, music, videos and etc. 3. Low manufacturing and distribution costs. 4. Expensive infrastructure costs. 5. Easy to steal. 6. DRM was created to protect digital products.

Question 52

Define 'analytics'.

Answer 52

The process of using data to generate information.

Question 53

What is 'data correlation'?

Answer 53

This means analyzing the whole data set and finding connections and links between data points.

Question 54

Define 'meaningful reporting'.

Answer 54

Meaningful reporting refers to informing human decision making at the insight layer, as the information identified by the analytics system is presented in ways that humans can analyze and interpret.