Molecular Biology

Question 1

What compromises a nucleotide?

Answer 1

Sugar + base + phosphate

can have more than 1 phosphate

Question 2

What are the 2 nucleic acids?

Answer 2

DNA

RNA

Question 3

cAMP is synthesised from what molecule?

Answer 3

ATP.

Question 4

What enzyme speeds up the synthesis of cAMP from ATP?

Answer 4

adenyl cyclase.

Question 5

In terms of coenzymeS; NAD+ is in what form?

Answer 5

Oxidised form.

Question 6

In terms of coenzymeS; NADP+ is in what form?

Answer 6

Reduced form.

Question 7

What is the function of NAD in redox reactions?

Answer 7

Accepts or donates electrons.

Question 8

What compromises nucleosides?

Answer 8

Base + sugar

Question 9

What bond creates the sugar-phosphate bonds of the DNA backbone?

Answer 9

3’-5’ phosphodiester bonds

Question 10

What is the double strand of DNA held by?

Answer 10

H bonds

Question 11

How many hydrogen bonds and in C-G bonds?

Answer 11

3

Question 12

How many hydrogen bonds and in A-T bonds?

Answer 12

2

Question 13

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

Answer 13

RNA:
single stranded.
U instead of T
Ribose sugar

Question 14

Where can a hairpin loop be found?

Answer 14

In RNA.

Question 15

What is a hairpin loop?

Answer 15

A local double stand of RNA. Occurs if nearby bases are complementary.

Question 16

What is the function of tRNA?

Answer 16

Translates mRNA by presents a gene coding for an AA to the growing polypeptide chain.

Question 17

What is the function of rRNA?

Answer 17

Copies the sequence of bases in the template strand of DNA to form mRNA.

Question 18

What enzyme converts the template strand to mRNA?

Answer 18

RNA polymerase

Question 19

What is the universal start codon?

Answer 19

AUG

Question 20

What are the 3 stop codons?

Answer 20

UAA, UGA, UAG

Question 21

Name and explain the 3 substitution mutations.

Answer 21

Conservative: AA replaced by one with similar properties.
(Both dangerous and harmless)

Non-conservative: AA replaced with one that has different properties.
(Dangerous)

Silent mutation: No change to the AA.

Question 22

Name the 2 frameshift mutations.

Answer 22

Insertion&Deletion: Completely different sequence, can have premature/delayed termination if a stop codon is present.

Question 23

What base substitution causes sickle cell anaemia?

Answer 23

GAG to GTG

Question 24

How does gel electrophoresis work?

Answer 24

Fragments are separated based on their size.

Question 25

In DNA sequencing, what reaction components are present?

Answer 25

Single strand of DNA: Template.

Primer: Allows synthesis

dNTPs: Detects the DNA sequence.

ddNTPs: Terminate synthesis.

DNA polymerase: Catalyses synthesis.

Label: Fluorescent/radioactive.

Question 26

What does dNTPs stand for?

Answer 26

deoxynucleotides

Question 27

What does ddNTPs stand for?

Answer 27

dideoxynucleotides

Question 28

Where does the fluorescent/radioactive label mark the strand?

Answer 28

5’ end