Molecular & Cellular Reveiw

Question 1

What are carbohydrate important in plants?

Answer 1

For energy, structure support, and storage

Question 2

Starch fx

Answer 2

storage, then when needed can break down using amylose enzyme to make glucose (energy)

Question 3

Hydrolysis

Answer 3

process where a certain enzyme breaks down the carbohydrate into glucose

Question 3

How does starch break down into glucose?

Answer 3

Since starch is a disaccharide, it needs to break apart - it does this by hydrolysis

Question 4

Cellulose fx

Answer 4

structural support of cell walls, can also be broken down by cellulase to form glucose but this isn’t the primary fx

Question 5

How do plants make carbohydrates?

Answer 5

through photosynthesis

Question 6

What is the process where carbohydrates get broken down into glucose called?

Answer 6

Respiration

Question 7

Chitin

Answer 7

cell wall of fungi is made out of this, tough to digest making fungi harder to eat than grass

Question 8

What is the cell wall of plants compared to fungi made out of?

Answer 8

Plants CW: cellulose
Fungi CW: chitin

Question 9

What happens when plants dont have enough glucose to use as energy?

Answer 9

they will break down amino acids to glucose, but they will mainly produce glucose through photosynthesis.

Question 9

What has to happen to chitin for it to be useable for the cell wall?

Answer 9

Chitin gets broken down by chitinase into individual molecules since its a polysaccharide

Question 10

Peptide Bonds

Answer 10

covalently bonds amino acids together to form proteins

Question 11

Proteins

Answer 11

chains of amino acids

Question 12

What are the purpose of peptide bonds?

Answer 12

to form different proteins

Question 13

Lipids in plants

Answer 13

energy reserve, mostly found in seeds

Question 14

Importance of protein structure (primary, secondary, etc)?

Answer 14

determines proteins functions

Question 15

What can lipids in plants be broken down into?

Answer 15

Fatty acids

Question 16

Importance of fatty acids in plants

Answer 16

major storage form of energy

Question 17

Two types of fatty acids

Answer 17

saturated and unsaturated

Question 18

Importance of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids in plants?

Answer 18

they can burn into energy for the plant when there is no glucose available

Question 19

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 19

no double bonds = tightly packed = solid fats in seeds
ex: sesame seed oil, pumpkin seed oil

Question 20

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 20

double bonds = spread out producing twists in the chain = liquid fats like oils, plants don’t store a lot of this

Question 21

Subrin

Answer 21

rubber, waxy material, found in bark/roots to keep water in

Question 22

Quitin

Answer 22

surface wax, found outside cell membrane, apples/leaves

Question 23

Lignin

Answer 23

a hardening agent, typically found in wood/bark, used like filling/calcking gaps and hardens to protect modified carbohydrate, used for structure and support

Question 24

thermodynamics

Answer 24

study of energy

Question 25

two laws of thermodynamics

Answer 25

1. energy cannot be created/destroyed but it can change forms and give off energy (waste) as heat 2. Entropy is always increasing overall in the universe (disorder) -vital in production of ATP

Question 26

Joseph Priestley

Answer 26

discovered oxygen experiments with clear jars

Question 27

Joseph Priestley experiements

Answer 27

put plants inside a jar, then put mice in other jar = plants survive, mouse dies put mouse in with plant = mouse and plant survive turn off light = both die

Question 28

What type of lipid are fatty acids?

Answer 28

triglycerides (unit of fat)

Question 29

Waxes in plants

Answer 29

on surface of ALL plants and in bark/roots used to keep water in, NOT out

Question 30

examples of waxes in plants

Answer 30

suberin, Quinton, lignin

Question 31

symplast

Answer 31

living stuff, inside the cell

Question 32

apoplast

Answer 32

outside the cell, non living ex: cell wall

Question 33

middle lamella

Answer 33

has pectin, line where cells come together

Question 34

pectin

Answer 34

holds cells together, contains calcium

Question 35

paired pits

Answer 35

holes in cells

Question 36

plasmodesmata

Answer 36

channel between the two cells -allows for movement

Question 37

plastids

Answer 37

main site of photosynthesis, storage, pigment synthesis store food as starch

Question 38

what plastid is responsible for storing starch

Answer 38

leukoplastid (amyloplast)

Question 39

what plastid is where photosynthesis happens

Answer 39

chloroplast

Question 40

central vacuole

Answer 40

storage, hold water for when plant needs it biggest structure in plant cell

Question 41

tonoplasts

Answer 41

membrane around the central vacuole, regulate movement in/out

Question 42

what is the movement of water called

Answer 42

osmosis

Question 43

turgor pressure

Answer 43

helps with structure support in non woody plants

Question 44

why is the second law of thermodynamics vital in plants?

Answer 44

2nd law: entropy is always increasing overall in the universe, this is what drives the proton gradient and therefore creating ATP

Question 45

Jan Baptist van Helmet

Answer 45

will tree experiment (1600s) - watered tree for 5 yrs noticed it gained weight but soil still weighed the same - proved tree mass was coming from the water not the soil (trees NOT eating soil) - leads to early insight on photosynthesis

Question 46

Wave Particle Theory

Answer 46

1800s, shows that little things like electron and photons can act as waves or particle like

Question 47

how are energy and wavelength related and what does that mean?

Answer 47

they are inversely proportional, meaning if one increases the other decreases

Question 48

why is the relation between energy and wavelength crucial in the wave-particle theory ?

Answer 48

helps us understand the behavior of waves and how photons move in a wave pattern

Question 49

how are electrons excited in light reactions of photosynthesis?

Answer 49

by the sun, the outer e- gets hit by sunlight and gets excited

Question 50

Quantum leaping and why electrons do this?

Answer 50

electrons do this whenever they absorb or release energy bc they have to be in a certain place (aka certain step on the staircase)

Question 51

why is quantum leaping important?

Answer 51

important for atoms to absorb and emit light so we can see the world in color

Question 52

pigments in plants

Answer 52

chlorophyll A: photosynthetic pigment, membrane-bound in chloroplast Chlorophyll B, and carotenoids (xanthophyll & carotene): accessory pigments, that absorb energy and pass it to "A"

Question 53

what are all the pigments together known as?

Answer 53

light-harvesting complex

Question 54

inductive resonance

Answer 54

process where energy is sent from pigment to pigment, ultimately to get to chlorophyll A

Question 55

structure of chlorophyll

Answer 55

phytol tail porphyrin head - central green Mg atom, makes chlorophyll green

Question 56

Phycobilin

Answer 56

not in higher plants, use phycobilin to absorb light, usually in plants with shortage of light

Question 57

Phycoerythrin

Answer 57

absorbs blue/green, reflect red

Question 58

Phycocyanin

Answer 58

absorbs red/orange, reflects blue