Mood Disorders

Question 1

What are tricyclic antidepressants?

Answer 1

Prevent the reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin, in order to increase their activity.

Question 2

What are Monoanime oxidase inhibitors?

Answer 2

Stop the enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitters, this increases serotonin and noradrenalin.

Question 3

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Answer 3

Include Prozac, allow serotonin to remain active for longer in the synapse.

Question 4

What is electro convulsive treatment?

Answer 4

Induced brain seizure by passing an electrical current through the brain. Treat people with severe depression.

Question 5

Drug used for bipolar depression?

Answer 5

Lithium carbonate

Question 6

What is lithium carbonate?

Answer 6

Used to control major mood swings in bipolar depression by normalising levels of neurotransmitters.

Question 7

Evaluation of trycyclics?

Answer 7

Side effects: dry mouth, blurred vision, erectile dysfunction, toxic - suicide risk.

Question 8

MAOI eval?

Answer 8

Loads of side effects
Toxic
Requires dietary restrictions

Question 9

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors evaluation?

Answer 9

Side effects: nausea, diarrhoea
Not fatal in overdose
Ssris may give suicidal urges

Question 10

Evaluation of carbon lithium?

Answer 10

Low dose: blurred vision, lack of co-ord.

High doses life threatening side effects.

Question 11

Evaluation antidepressants:

Answer 11

Reduce depression however give undesirable side effects.
Patients stop using them because side effects worse.
Don’t deal with the stressful life events that may be the root of the problem.
Drug therapies often work with other treatments.
Do not relieve mania

Question 12

What do Cognitive treatments for bipolar and unipolar challenge?

Answer 12

Negative schemas. Maladaptive and irrational thoughts.

Question 13

What are the phases in Becks cognitive therapy?

Answer 13

Phase 1: confidence is increased
Phase 2: automatic negative thoughts are challenged
Phase 3: negative thoughts are identified
Phase 4: key attitudes and beliefs are changed

Question 14

What is rational emotive therapy in the cognitive treatments of bipolar and unipolar?

Answer 14

Irrational thoughts are replaced with rational thoughts by challenging or arguing the negative belief.

Question 15

Hollow study, supporting cognitive approach.

Answer 15

Gave people with moderate depression either drug or cognitive therapy.
Relapse for cognitive therapy 40%
Relapse for drug 45%
Placebo drug 80%
Cognitive therapy is as effective as drug therapy.

Question 16

Evaluation of cognitive treatments:

Answer 16

Highly effective, relapse of 60-70% following 10-12 weeks.
Can be used 1-1 or small groups
Successful in preventing severe depression
Combination of drug and cognitive highly effective.
Doesn’t work for everyone as people need to be motivated.

Question 17

Biological explanations for schizo?

Answer 17

Genetics
Biochemicals
Abnormal brain structures

Question 18

How are genetics involved with schizo?

Answer 18

Genetic inheritance. Gottesman: cocordance for schizo. Dizygotic: 17% monozygotic 48%. Social parent 1 in 8.

Question 19

Biochemical explanation for schizo.

Answer 19

Dopamine hypothesis, claims that people with schizo have excess levels of dopamine in brain. Too much dopamine increases synaptic transmission.

Question 20

Evaluation of bio chemicals?

Answer 20

Drugs such as cockamamie can cause positive symptoms or exaggerate them in sufferers.
Unusually high levels in schizo brain after post mortem.
Antisychotic drugs reduce levels of dopamine and been found to reduce positive symptoms.

Question 21

Abnormal brain structures theory for schizo?

Answer 21

Enlarged verticals, strongly associated. Ventricles are areas in the brain which are filled with fluid. Enlarged vent rivals are associated with damage to other areas.

Question 22

Evaluation for biological schizo theories?

Answer 22

Twin studies do not show 100% concordance.
No single schizo gene, case that various genes are responsible.
Dopamine may be cause of the effect.
Other neurotransmitters have been associated with schizo, so dopamine hypothesis is too simplistic.
Diathesis stress model: some people have a genetic predisposing for the disorder that needs a trigger, better explanation as takes into account genetics and environment.

Question 23

Psychodynamic explanation for schizo?

Answer 23

Emerges because of the conflict between different parts of the personality. Ego overwhelmed by the id or superego. Ego regresses back to infancy.
Hallucinations occur because ego struggles to regain sense of reality.

Question 24

Evaluation of psychodynamic explanation?

Answer 24

Little evidence to support this.
Unfalsifiable can’t disprove theory as it occurs in unconscious.
Ignores meditational processes and the role of dopamine

Question 25

Sociocultural explanation of schizo?

Answer 25

Labelling | Family dysfunction

Question 26

What is labelling in the sociocultural approach?

Answer 26

When a person is labelled it influences behaviour, becoming a self fulfilling prophecy.

Question 27

Labelling in the socio cultural approach study?

Answer 27

Healthy students, complained about b.voices in head. Diagnosed as schizo, admitted to mental hospital. In hospital acted normally. Left with being diagnosed as schizo in remission. The label schizo meant that normal behaviour was seen as weird.

Question 28

Why does family dysfunction cause schizo?

Answer 28

Stress factors arise from relationships and communication with in a family.

Question 29

What three dysfunctional qualities do parents of schizo show?

Answer 29

Hugh interpersonal conflict Communication difficulties Communication difficulties Critical and controlling personalities

Question 30

high levels of expressed emotion into family dysfunction findings?

Answer 30

Suggested that families with high levels of expressed emotion are more likely to cause a relapse. Families where expressed emotion was high resulted in a 60% relapse, compared to low emotion which was 10.

Question 31

Evaluation of sociocultural explanations?

Answer 31

Study showed label effects other people's treatment, this therefore shows a self fulfilling prophecy. Schizo is very disruptive for family life so you cannot establish cause of family behaving this way or effect of the schixo. Family dysfunction fits with the do diathesis stress model. Treatments to reduce the amount of expressed emotion in family's has been found to reduce relapse rates.

Question 32

5 subtypes of schizo.

Answer 32

``` Paranoid Disorganised Catatonic Undifferentiated Residual ```

Question 33

Paranoid schizo symptoms?

Answer 33

Alert and responsive. Delusions of grandeur or percecution Hallucinations

Question 34

Disorganised schizo symptoms?

Answer 34

Disorganised speech, thoughts and behaviour. Speech difficult to understand. Suffer from flat emotion effect

Question 35

Catatonic symptoms for schizo?

Answer 35

Severe motor abnormalities | Fixed or rigid positions

Question 36

Unipolar depression drugs?

Answer 36

Tricyclic antidepressant Monoanime oxidase inhibitors Selective serotonin re uptake inhibitors