Morality

Question 1

Where does the sense of right and wrong come from

Answer 1

• kin selection: helping those related
• reciprocal altruism: engaging in behavior to help others because of reciprocity
  These mechanisms give emotional response to motivate moral behavior

Question 2

describe the naturalistic fallacy

Answer 2

what we discover about how the world IS != how we ought to behave
IS != ought

Question 3

give an example of how evolutionary mechanisms cause emotions to motivate moral behavior

Answer 3

We feel gratitude and liking for people who cooperate us. This motivates us to be kind in the future

Question 4

example of altruism in animals

Answer 4

warning cries

Question 5

Who are you more likely to help? Your brother or your cousin?

Answer 5

brother

Question 6

describe prisoner’s dilemma

Answer 6

working together yields best probable result
- if 1 confesses and 1 doesnt: confessor free and other jail
- if both confess: they both get sent to jail for 5 years
- if neither confess: both sent to jail for 1 year

Question 7

We feel gratitude and liking for people who cooperate us. What does this motivate us to do?

Answer 7

be kind

Question 8

We feel anger and distrust for people who betray us. What does this motivate us to do?

Answer 8

avoid them and tell other people to avoid them

Question 9

We feel guilt when we betray someone who cooperates with us. What does this motivate to do?

Answer 9

repair relationships, behave better in future

Question 10

Is morality driven more by emotions or ration?

Answer 10

emotions

Question 11

what is empathy

Answer 11

experience of feelings and emotions because of the situation of another person

Question 12

instinctive empathy

Answer 12

natural discomfort when you see someone else in pain

Question 13

Are you more likely to feel empathy for someone of your own culture or a stranger?

Answer 13

own culture

Question 14

evidence of empathy in early childhood

Answer 14

infants will react with distress to cries of other infants (not other loud noises)
after first year their distress will lead to helping behavior

Question 15

example of infants channelling distress into help

Answer 15

infants bring favorite toy to distressed parent

Question 16

perspective taking

Answer 16

imagining ourself in their places, for some ideas of sensations that are weaker in degree

Question 17

types of empathy

Answer 17

instinctive and perspective

Question 18

empathy-alturism hypothesis

Answer 18

empathy leads people to care more and to be more likely to offer help

Question 19

what are psychopaths

Answer 19

lack empathy because of how they were born

Question 20

what are sociopaths

Answer 20

lack empathy because of their environment

Question 21

evidence for psychopathy in early childhood

Answer 21

cruel to animals, aggression, theft

Question 22

evidence for psychopathy physiologically

Answer 22

reduced skin conductance response to distress and fear in others, impaired startle response distressing images, abnormal conditioned fear response, reduced amygdala volume and cannot recognize fear, do not learn from mistakes

Question 23

outcome of emotional dot probe experiment for psychopaths

Answer 23

most people look at more distressed image -> see dot faster, psychopaths are indifferent

Question 24

psychopathy checklist

Answer 24

aggressive narcissism (manipulative, no guilt or empathy, big sense of self-worth)
socially deviant lifestyle (need for stimulation, poor behavior control, lack of long-term goals)

Question 25

are men or women more likely to have psychopathy

Answer 25

men (twice as much)

Question 26

2 trolley problems

Answer 26

• lever: 5 workers vs. 1 worker and we switch lever
• foot bridge: 5 workers vs. 1 large man off foot bridge and we push man

Question 27

Is it harder to switch a lever or push a man

Answer 27

push a man

Question 28

consequentialist theory

Answer 28

what you think is right is determined by consequences
decision is morally correct it and only if it brings better consequence
(basically situations do not differ)

Question 29

deontology

Answer 29

decision is morally correct if it adheres to principles (does not harm innocent people)

Question 30

physiological aversion to harming others predicts …

Answer 30

judgements of hypothetical moral dilemmas

Question 31

people who hit fake leg with hammer with less force are more likely to agree with which trolley problem?

Answer 31

lever

Question 32

identifiable victim effect

Answer 32

feeling more empathy for individuals