more midterm

Question 1

what is a spasm

Answer 1

involuntary muscle contraction

Question 2

describe reflex muscle guarding

Answer 2

a spasm in response to an acute injury, muscle guarding is a protective mechanism to help split the injury to prevent further muscle tearing or injury

can also be a response from referred pain

spasm will go away when pain goes away

you would use ICE

do not fully remove spasm during acute/early subacute

treat compensatory structures and decrease SNS firing is the main treatment goals

Question 3

describe intrinsic muscle spasm

Answer 3

part of a self perpetuating pain cycle

can result from direct or indirect trauma, inflammation or infection

increase in SNS firing and emotional stress - due to not knowing exactly how the spasm started

cold or chilling of tissue can lead to spasm

the contraction restricts movement in a joint crossed by the muscle

the lack of movement causes ischemia and metabolite build up which in turn irritate nerve endings resulting in pain

Question 4

what is muscle tone

Answer 4

the resistance of a relaxed muscle to passive stretch or elongation

includes both of the resistance of the muscles and CT to palpation and the active but not continuous contraction of muscle in response to the stimulation of the nervous system

Question 5

what is muscular tension

Answer 5

muscle held in a sustained contraction

Question 6

what is hypertonicity

Answer 6

abnormally high tone seen with upper motor neuron disorders

Question 7

fasicles–> muscle fibres –> myofibrils

Answer 7

each myofibril contains actin and myosin filaments arranged in units called sarcomeres

Question 8

what are sarcomeres

Answer 8

the basic contractile units of muscle fibres

Question 9

myosin slides over actin, the heads from myosin bond to actin and act as oars to move the filaments past eachother creating a power stroke

Answer 9

numerous power strokes are require for actin and myosin to slide past eachother and shorten the sarcomere

shortening the sarcomere causes contractions

Question 10

what initiates a muscle contraction

Answer 10

calcium and ATP is used for energy

action potentials stimulates release of calcium

Question 11

what causes a spasm

Answer 11

action potential stimulates release of calcium initiating a contraction, when the action potential stops the calcium is recovered by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and contraction ceases

in a spasmodic muscle the contraction continues

Question 12

golgi tendon organs are sesntiive to what

Answer 12

tension in a muscle

when they fire they inhibit contraction of the muscle attached to the tendon containing them and protect the muscle from an overstretch injury

Question 13

causes of a spasm

Answer 13

pain
circulatory stasis
vit d deficiency
impaired nutrition
increased gamma firing due to stress
chilling of a muscle

Question 14

avoid passively stretching an acutely spasmodic muscle

Answer 14

especially true when inflammation is present because the stretching will increase the pain and mm guarding resulting in more damage

Question 15

massage is CI’d w DVT

Answer 15

the client may complain of calf tightness

we need to check for heat, tenderness and swelling

Question 16

why heat for a intrinsic chronic spasm

Answer 16

heat increases local circulation and flushes out metabolites

Question 17

when are latent trigger points more common to occur

Answer 17

in a more sedentary lifestyle or later on in life

Question 18

when do active trigger points occur

Answer 18

with more physcial active lifestyles

Question 19

where can trigger points occur

Answer 19

fascia
tendons
ligaments
joint capsules
periosteum

Question 20

what is a local twitch response

Answer 20

a transient contraction of the taut band in mm w trigger point

response occurs when taut band is palpated transversely and responds to pressure by twitching

Question 21

what does the autonomic phenomena include

Answer 21

vasomotor changes

Question 22

what is a latent trigger point

Answer 22

pain only when palpated
prevents full muscle lengthening

can be reverted to an active trigger point if by referred pain, overuse, overtsretch, or chilling of muscle

Question 23

what is a primary trigger point

Answer 23

directly activated by acute or chronic mechanical strain or overload of affected muscle

target this first

Question 24

what is a secondary trigger point

Answer 24

activated in the overworked synergist or antagonist muscles

Question 25

what is a satellite trigger point

Answer 25

found in muscle that lies within the referral pattern of another TP

Question 26

what are some perpetuating factors related to trigger points

Answer 26

mechanical stresses (BONY ASSYMETRYS)

postural stresses

muscle constriction

nutritional inadequacies

metabolic imbalances

psychological factors

chronic infection

impaired sleep

Question 27

which trigger point do we want to target

Answer 27

primary trigger point

directly activated by acute or chronic mechanical strain or overload on affected muscle

Question 28

can a primary TP be active or latent?

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

which type of TP produces local twitch or autonomic phenomena

Answer 29

active

Question 30

what is panniculosis and where is it most commonly found

Answer 30

thickening of subcutaneous tissue , feels granular , no inflammation

most common in posterior thoracic or lumbar

Question 31

what is re-epithelization

Answer 31

happens when there is damage to skin, superficial only affecting epithelial layer

NO SCAR tissue , normal tissue structure results

Question 32

what is neuroangiogeneis

Answer 32

new blood vessels developing

Question 33

what is the purpose of wound contraction through myofibroblastic activity

Answer 33

to speed the healing process bc less scar tissue is needed to fill the smaller damaged site

Question 34

3 causes of scar tissue

Answer 34

inflammatory response
prolonged immobilization
paralysis

Question 35

contracture

Answer 35

shortening of CT supporting structures over or around a joint

Question 36

contracture vs contraction

Answer 36

contraction = muscle develops tension as it shortens or lengthens

when it relaxes its able to lengthens and full rom is available

with a contracture this is not the case

Question 37

what is an adhesion

Answer 37

reduced motion at a joint allows CROSS LINKS to form among collagen fibres further reducing the range of motion