more power and borders Flashcards
defien state
state is a defined territory with a sovereign government that exercises authority over its population.
define soveign
a power with no higher authority
defien territorial integraty
the idea that teh borders of a state should be respected and upheld by other states
what are normes
widely accepted standards of behavior
whats is the westphalian model
a serrise of agreement that first layed out the principals of state sovereignty and territorial intergraty that emerged in 1648 after the 30 years war in europe.
what is intervention
interference of external bodies, such as states or international organizations, in the affairs of another country or region to protect rigths. this may undermine teh durastiction of the government and tehrefore the soverignty of teh state.
what is geo politics
Geopolitics is the study of how physical geography, along with political, economic, and social factors, influences international relations
what are the 4 factors that challenge soverignty and territorial integraty ? (list)
- current political boundaries
- TNC’s
- poltical dominace of ethnic groups
- supernational insitutions
explain how current politicla boundaries can erode soverignty and territorial integraty
Point- disputed territory
example- in 2014 both Russia and Ukrain thought they had the rights to the Crimean Peninsula. The Russian government claims that the annexation was based on a referendum held in Crimea, in which the majority of voters supported joining Russia, this may have been teh case as the 2001 unkrainian sensus data suggests 58% of the population considered themself ethnically russian. They also wanted a year round port in sevastopol. this resulted in the annexation later that year by “little green men” ( disguised russian soldjers) who predominatly peacefully inundated teh country.
** Expain** this was an issue to both soverignty and teritorial integraty as russia challened the internationally recognised borders and sovergin contrile of the ukrainian government in the region, as first established in the westphlian model.
why sdid russia claim they annex crimea
- an internal referendum
what % of crimeans considered themself ethnically russian according to 2001 unkrain census data
58%
explain how current TNC can erode soverignty and territorial integraty
territorial integraty and soverignty
* point - TNC’s arguably often carry out land appropriation.
* evidence
* For exampel United Fruit Company took land in Guatemala in the 50s without governemnt autharisation. When governemnt pushed back wanting expropriation of land for its people to farm. The company exersted significant economic and political influence to pressure the U.S. government in the campaign to overthrow the democrtically elected leader Árbenz, which eventually succeeded in 1954.
* expalian - this shows how TNC’s are significnat players on the world stage undermining the teritorial integraty of a state by takeing land and then even helping in overthrowing governemnts, dirrectly overthrowing not evn eroding soverignty.
whats it called when a politic;aly body or organisation takes land of a state in a backhanded way
land appropriation
how can supernational insitutions undermine soverignty and territorial integratry in terms of teh EU
- point - pooling soverignty into supernational insitutions.
- explain - when a country joins a supernational insitution its surrenderes some of its powers to the jurastiction of said body as it will have its own set of laws and norms teh state will then have to abode by. this can also expand to undermine the countries territorial integraty as they may lose certain legislagtive powers over areas.
- evidence a exaple where this rings particularly true is teh Factortame case 1989 which was court case taken to the house of lods involving spanish fishermen fishing in Uk waters and the uk governemnt who aposed them as they claimed they had durastiction over the english channel. However, the lords claimed that EU regulation reigned superior and therfore ther fisheren were in their rigths. This demostrates how joining supernational insitution can undermine the legislagtive power of governemnt and their controle over maritine borders.
what country did United fruit company take land from in teh early 50s and who was the president they funded teh US canpeign to undermine when he tried to push to get land back
- Guatemala
- Jacabo Árbenz
how can supernational insitutions undermine soverignty interm of intervention for human rigth purposes
- Point This can involve actions such as peacekeeping operations, sanctions, or economic pressure to compel a state to improve its human rights record.
- explaindirect intervention is an issue as it arguably undermines th durastiction of of governemnt in certain areas if the UN for exaple did not have permission to come in. However, these are usually quite politiclaly unstabel countries like war zones so it unclear who the soverign authoraties are.
- example an exaple of this occuring in economic policy is During the era of apartheid in South Africa, which was characterized by systematic racial segregation and discrimination, the UN Security Council passed resolutions imposing economic sanctions on the country. These sanctions aimed to isolate the South African government and pressure it to end its discriminatory policies and human rights abuses.
- explain this is a challenege to soverignty as it is esentually coptation of governemtn.
how to pell apartheid
apartheid
whats one last way that supernational insitutions can undermien soverignty
- point veto
- explain - UN security counsil involving 5 permeinat member states who can veto legislation
- evidence - In December 2017, the UNSC0 considered a draft resolution that aimed to impose an arms embargo on South Sudan. however Russia and china vetoed this
- exaplin this undemined the soverignty of natons that arent apart of the security counsil as tehy do not have the same powers, therefore it can be argued these individual countrieds can undermine the sovernpower of the others to a greater degree. under westphalian model soveign staes are equal
whats an arms embargo
An arms embargo is a form of international trade restriction that prohibits the sale, transfer, or provision of weapons and military equipment to a specific country or conflict zone.
explain how teh political domination of ethnic groups can erode soverignty and territorial integratry
- point undermines the sov of gov though conflic and politicla instabillity or even coups
- evidece - Dinka and Nuer and poitical instabillity and warfair for peopel
- evidence - Tuareg launching an armed rebellion and gaining semi controle over northern mali in 2012 as a atateless nation. There was also involvemnt of Al-Qaeda.
- expain conflic and unrest undrmined the governemts territorial integraty in the area and thir soverign controel.
why was the tuareg rebellion in 2012 and how did it play out coinsing ith the state
- the millitary coup resulted in a power vacume allowing them to exploit the instabillity. The coup resulted in a transitional governemtn taking controle before deocratic election could be restored. the trnaitional governemnt ( with help from the french), lead the millatry operation in the north).
whats your case study for one country where soverignty has been challenged ?
Ukraine (pre 2022)
how to spell ukraine
Ukraine
what are teh key causes in the caused and challenegd to ukrainian soverignty form russia
- geogrphical position between russsia and the EU/nato
- Ethnic disparities: ethniclly russian populations ( beuse of the soviet union alot of people idetify as ethiniclly russian)
1. ( over 58% of crimeans ideftify as ethically russian 2001 and over 37% of people in the domas region) - internal poliical devsion
1. most of dombas and almost all of crime voted for the pro russian candiate victor yankovitch in the 2010 and are pro russia vs pro EU/nato vs the opersite in the west. the east also have a lot of regions where russian is peoples first language vs ukrainian in the west
2. e.g 75% of the population of donesk said russian was their first languge accorfing to 2001 sensus data - these are consequenses of the inabillity to create a nation state/ common national idenity after the fall of the soviet union.
what % of peopel in thge dombas region identify as ethnically russian ?
37%
what % of donesk said russian was their first language in 2001
75%
k
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what has een th eimpact to peopel and placec in a country where soveignty has been challeneged
people
* 1.47/5.2 million are IDP’s from Donesk and Lungansk
* further 600,000 refugees mostly to russia
* 7000 deaths 13,900 injured and 293 shot down in a civilian air craft
* debaltseve bommed resulting in refugees as peopel are made homless and deatsh
* evacuees moved to abandined summer caps where poor insulation and close living conditions have lead to poor health
place
* The anexation of Crimea in 2014 with “little green men”
1. now mean the area is under new legislgtive durastiction ( that of russia)
* Donesk air port has ssen heavy fighting
1. this also cuts it off from the rest of the world
* industrial plans damaged
1. such as Zasyadko mines
2. this limiits resources to the country
* Debaltseve boming
* effects on russia / other countries include
1. sanctiosn on riussia tahthave decresed teh value of the rubel
2. NATO incresifn its strnth in neighbouring baltic countries
what are teh challenges to the causes and challeneges to soverignty and unkrain
- civil unrest
1. 2013 and 2004 after russia was thought to undermine election results to secure their pro russia candidate
3. the 2013 one fllowedthe 2012 election, protests were known as the Euromaidan movement - triggered by triggered by the Ukrainian government’s decision to suspend the signing of an association agreement with the European Union that it was planning to sign before victor yankovithc took controle
4. it succesfully removed yankovitvh from office in 2014 therefor eunderminign the governemnts sovignty, although its debatable if they had a legitimate mandate to goven in the first place as they election were likly tampled with - annexation of crimea
- milliatry conflict in the dombas region ( suppoorted by russia
1. particullarly russian funded sepertist ighters in donesk and Lugansk
2. undermines gov abillity to controle of area and protect its citizens as well as territotial integraty
1. undermines ukrains - corruption of election
1. 2004 and 2012 there have been reports of russian interfearnace in elctions. this undermined the soverignty of a country by challeneging the legitamacy and mandate of government - 2004 this sparked the orange revolution and the call for a runoff - dependency for ennery
1. most of unkrains energy comes from russia ( 30%)
2. this forces them to maintin close ties with russia when politiclly they would generally prefure having closer ties with europe - undermining political controle though propeganda
1. russia has sent over 15 billion in Ukrain in terms of propegada, this includes gaining controle over media channels and having schools implemt russian speaking lessons etc.
what movemnt ousted president victor yankovitch from office ?
the euromaiden movemnt
whats teh other eastern twon in the dombass region not donesk
lugansk
how many ukrainian IDP’s from lungansk and donesk ?
1.47 million/ 5.2 million - scale
give infomation about deaths in the dombas
- 7000 deaths 13,900 injured and 293 shot down in a civilian air craft
name a ukrainian town thats been heavilly bommed
Debaltseve
whats was teh main force behind millitary action in ukrain before 2022
- speratist fighters in towns like Donesk and lungansk funded with men wepens and funds by russia.
case study for how challenege to terriotiorial integraty can cause conflict ?
should be india pakisatn but your better of using ukrain
if it talking challenges to soverignty that case conflict in terms of natural resurces where r u talking ?
india pakistan over the indus river spevifically the source in kashmire
how has conflic over natural resourses caused challenges to soverignty and conflict in a specific area
- india dams and uses teh water at tehre sauce is kashmire ( desputed territory, wants sepratsim put is tecnically a part of india). e.g. the The Tarbela Dam
- most 38% of pakistans work force in 2021 is employed in agricuture that relies on the river so its vital that there is enough dischage
- there was the indus water treatie of 1960 witch devided up water
- howevr the river has runlower in recent years due to india taking advatage of the hydroelectrics there and beuse of climate chnage
- this resulted in attacks from both sides in 2016 and 2019 including a 2019 milliatry stand off
- however the most significant conflict was 1948-1960 teh so called “water wars”
- this was at teh end of collonial india when it got seperated into india and pakistan
- 200,000 to 2million died but this was more due to the displacemet and sepertion / religious conflict of hindus and muslums. - legacy of colinialism
- led to the signing of the Indus Water Treaty in 1960
- this gave 3 of 6 tributaries to each country
- the world bank was instramnetal in negotiating between the 2 countries
- potencial to be exadurated with climate change - link
name an indian dam on a source river to teh indus
Bhakra Dam
explain the role of international insitutions in conflict (india pakistan exaple)
- the world bank acted as a third party mediator between india and pakistan to help divide up the indus river fairly to end the so called water wars betwee the two countries
- this involved designating 3 tributaries to each country
what are your three points for the role of international insitutions in regulating conflict
- UN
1. ( aid and mediation) - EU
2. ( sanctions) - NATO
1. ( millitary intervention)
expalin the role of insitutions in regulating conflict ( non case study specific) + give 3 AO2 comments on their effectiveness
The UN
* mediation of negotiations
2. helped the 2015 peace deal between mali governemt and the Tuareg - ( conflict still not fully over) in the malian cival war
* aid
1. MINUSMA ( mali peace mission 9000 millitary 1000 police and 1300 other, helped support democrtic elction take place in 2015
2. south sudanese cival war- UNMISS 12,500 millitary troops, 1000 police 2500 other -new mandate in 2014
2. south sudanese cival war- WHO chorella vaxinations - only to some safe areas (inequallity)
3. south sudanese cival war- refugree camps including largets housing 250,000 people - issue of squatters takign homes after
* AO2
1. limited in its effectiveness as The principle of state sovereignty is enshrined in the UN Charter. therfore tehy have to respect teh soverignty of governemnt territorial integrty and teh rights of civilians above all else. This means millitary action by peace keepers can only be invoked if they are shot upon.
2. they are a supernational insitution with over 193 member states and and 15 specialised agencies headed and rand by global profesionals, menaifn they have the conections and resources to function effectivly on a glabl scale
3. they are limmited by the security counsil. may times The UN at large may have wnated to intevine in conflict but this has been stoped by a veto of one of the 5 meboers of teh security counsil. ( usually russia or china). For exampel, In December 2017, they considered imposing an arms embargo on South Sudan to help subside the cival war. however Russia and china vetoed this
NATO ( and french gov)
* millitary power to help protect soveignty and prevent attacks though intimidation
1. The combined military capabilities of NATO member states make it one of the most powerful military alliances in the world. There are 30 contributing meber states.
2. Their power may have been significant recently in the Baltic States: NATO has increased its presence and conducted various military exercises in the Baltic region as tehre is an incresing thrett from russia.
* AO2
1. huge scale millitary power and teh willingness to act
2. their eefectiveness is limmited as tehy ahve potential to esculate conflics. This is why nato refuse to intervine in the Ukrainian conflict as it could esulate to a full sacle WW3.
3. limmited by the dession making process. NATO operates on a consensus-based decision-making process. While this ensures the inclusion of all member states, it can slow down decision-making and hinder swift responses in crisis situations
The EU
* scantion
1. masivly on russia since they have invaide Ukrain. these include visa and economic/ trade scantions.
* political unity
1. the creation of the EU has forced coutries to become interdepended and thus prenvented conflics emerging within europe.
AO2
* limmites as has absolutly no millitary power
* only has power in euope not a glabl sacle
* its been very effective in preventing conflict sbetween mebour state when in the early 19th centuary political tenions were evry high
is the world bank a part of the UN
no just a close ally
explain how flows in geo political intervention ( in mittigating conflict)
people
1. south sudanese cival war- UNMISS 12,500 millitary troops, 1000 police 2500 other -new mandate in 2014
* help protect civials, montor human rights, give humniterian aid and stop conflict/ hostillties.
money
* NGO’s
1. there are over 300 internationally funded NGO’s supporting aid inveors in south sudan, ( some grass roots). For exampel, save the children, oxfam and Care South sudan
* $10 bill from super and international bodies
ideas
* treatie protection
1. IGAD took greter interest in souuth sudan and helped bring abou treaties protecting civilians from conflic and general human right violations under the law. e.g the convention aginst tourture, the convention on elimation of all forms of discrimination against women and the convetion of the rights of the child
* aid
1. aid agencies have gone out and tecah the people about mainting live stock and using fishing equitment.
* this helps crete social stabillity that reduces conflict in the long term
tecnology
* medicines though incresed aid support
1. who chlorella treatment centres = hygein equitment and village taps providing acess to clean water.
2. providing improved farming and fishing equitment ( such as nets to start fish farming)
* this helps create social stabillity that reduces conflict in the long term
whats like the african EU
IGAD
list three south sudanies treaties signed by the governemnt
- convention aginst tourture
- the convention on elimation of all forms of discrimination against women
- the convetion of the rights of the child
list 4 charaties workign in south sudan
- save the children
- oxfam
- Care South sudan
- MSF on accute malnutrition for children
whats teh main way conflict can be reduced though general aid prodjects
- invokes social stabillity in a society and reduces teh likly hood conflict will grow/ remerge in the long term as people become more civalised and have more to lose from engaing in hostile / anti social behaviours towrds other ethnic groups
in a question on the roles of differnt flows in intervetion ( in clonflict), what should you pare
- Flows of ideas and tec
- flows of peopel and money
points for role/ effectivess of orgnisation in an area of conflict on a small and lareg scale.
SOUTH SUDAN
the UN
1. UNMISS: 12,500 millatry personal 1000 police and 2500 other contributers such as aid workers
* help protect civials, montor human rights, give humniterian aid and stop conflict/ hostillties.
1. WHO cherella treatment centres and vacination centers. And OCHA provided clean water and hygein facilities
* helped local comunities stop the spred but was effective on a near nation wide scale as UN had man power and provions to operate ( not all as neeeded security for aid workers)
* was a third party mediating force between the dinka and neua in the 2015 and 2018 peace agreements
* AO2
* acted on a large scale as tehy had the resources to do so being a supernational instution. (193 countries)
* inequllity with where aid could operate
1. so for example chorella vacinations and treatmemts centres could only exist in secure areas
* limited in its effectiveness as The principle of state sovereignty is enshrined in the UN Charter. therfore tehy have to respect teh soverignty of governemnt territorial integrty and teh rights of civilians above all else. This means millitary action by peace keepers can only be invoked if they are shot upon.
the south sudanese governemtn
1. there was an attemp at a mixed Dinka Nuer tribe police force to help mange the conflict and bring unity. The succes of this was limmiteed but it may have wider implications for buiding long term stbsillity,
1. 2015 peace agrement (didnt really work) and the divided governement caused teh conflict in the fisrt place (igad and UN massive help)
2. 2018 peace agreement that ended the war
* mittigating the effects of the conflict and implemnted future provisons for social stabillity by treateies and convention.
3. This included th convention on the elimination of all discrimination against women
4. the convention on the right of the child
5. the convention against tourture
* AO2
* lareg scale imact as it is top down
* Significance of their effect was extreemly limited as the diviosn of Governemtn was responcable for the conflict in the first place.
* the argument that the governemtn should get credit for the peace agrement is also limmited in that interntaional orgnisation including the UN, IGAD and The AFrican union played key roles as a third party mittigtor.
* the initual lack of governmen tcopertaion leave serious challenges that remain in the conflict area. These include
1. trafficking of women and childen
2. negtating water and grazing rights
3. dealing with homlessness and there being more conflic and squatters have taken homes from peopel who were relocate dto refugee camps - significnat as there were around 1.5 million IDP and 730,000 refugrees. One UN refugee cap alone held over 210,000 peopel - lnks to disease
4. move people have also fallen into poverty, now 8 million are at risk of food insecurity
NGO’s
* provide aid stoppin food insecurity, and adressing humaniterian needs such as the incresed spred of infectious diseases and injuraies.
1. exampel include save teh childen oxfam and care south sudan andMSF on accute malnutrition for children
* AO2
* limmited as there is harrasmentand violence aginst workers
1. this lead to the forced evacuation of teh upper nile state which then left populations vunrable to food insecurity. it became significnat on a wider scale too as there was blockage of teh nile for food delivery use to other areas.
* this also mean there is inequallity as operations can only function on a small sacle sometimes when there are alsot of insecure areas.
how many IDP and refugrees where there in sudan
- IDP - 1.5 million/ 12 million- huge scale
- refugee - 730,000/12million
how many people are at risk of food insecurity in south sudan ?
8 million
how many people are at risk of food insecurity in south sudan ?
8 million
what was the UN peace keeping mission in south sudan called
UNMISS ( abreviation)
if you get a question of the role of organisation in a conflic list / pare your paragrpah point s
UN and NGO’s
The south sudanese goverment
can NGO’s be classifie as supernational insitutions
NO unless its talking global governece on local comunities
