James-Lange theory
- stimuli trigger ANS activity, leads to emotional experience
- emotional experience is the consequence of reaction
- body responds first, brain second
Cannon-bard theory
- brain and body respond at the same time
- ANS and emotional brain respond simultaneously
Schachter-singer two factor theory
- emotions are inferences about the causes of physiological arousal
- ie. bear in the room, brain interprets arousal as fear
- cognitive appraisal determines emotion
6 universal emotions
Anger, fear, sadness, happiness, disgust, surprise
Appraisal
-critical brain structure?
Evaluation of emotion relevant aspects of a stimulus
- how you label your emotion
- amygdala is critical
Amygdala role in emotion
-threat detector
-can act fast (thalamus–>amygdala)
Or slow (thalamus–>cortex–>amygdala) to produce response to arousing stimulus
Fast amygdala response
- quickly initiate neural response
- ie asks, is that a threat?
Slow amygdala response
- thalamus, cortex then amygdala
- tries to identify threat (ie is it a mammal, what’s the genus)
- eventually gets to amygdala and decides whether to maintain fear or not
Emotion regulation
Cognitive/behavioral strategies that people use to influence emotional experience
-ie reappraisal
Reappraisal
Thinking of an emotional experience in a different way by changing the meaning of the stimulus
-ie see woman crying, people think she’s at a funeral but if asked to think about her being at a wedding, amygdala is deactivated
Universality hypothesis
Emotions have same meaning for everyone
-Darwin
Facial feedback hypothesis
- we shape our emotions with our face and they cause us to feel those emotions
- pen in mouth model
Pen in mouth model
- models the facial feedback hypothesis
- force emotions
- smile=positive emotion
- frown=negative emotion
Botox and emotion
- cosmetic-paralyzed muscle
- can’t frown, not that sad
- can’t smile, not that happy
Display rules
Norms for control of emotional expression
- techniques: intensification, deintensification, masking, neutralizing
- varies by culture (ie Japanese and Americans watching gory movie in presence or absence of researcher)
How to distinguish between sincere and insincere facial expressions
- morphology
- symmetry-less=less sincere
- duration-shorter=less sincere
- temporal patterning-disappear smoothly=genuine
What motivates behavior?
Needs, drives and arousal
-needs are states of deficiency
Motivation
Purpose for or psychological cause of action
Hedonic principle
People are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
Drives
- psychological states to satisfy needs
- needs produce arousal
- negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis
System keeping itself in a particular state
Maslow
- organized a hierarchy of needs
- bottom to top: psychological needs, safety and security, belonging and love, esteem needs, self actualization needs
Yerkes-Dodson law
- Behaviors that dec drive and arousal become habit
- incentives are external motivators-culturally determined
- there is an optimal arousal
Anorexia nervosa
- fear of being fat and not eating
- distorted body image
Bullimia nervosa
Binge eating then purging
Human sexual response cycle
Stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity
- excitement
- plateau
- orgasm
- resolution
- refractory period
Mortality-salience hypothesis
People reminded of mortality, they reinforce their cultural worldviews
-ie they praise people with similar world views, punish those who don’t, love their wives, defend their country, etc
Intrinsic motivation
- motivation to take actions that are rewarding
- doing things that dont have a payoff because they are a payoff
- most motivated
- control rheoru
Extrinsic motivation
- motivation to take actions that lead to reward
- ie flossing, working for money, take exams to get college degree
Shifting from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation
- sometimes treats suggest that forbidden activity
- ie daycare has fine for lateness, parents come even later because an extra hour without kids is worth the extra couple bucks
Conscious motivation
People are aware of motivations
Unconscious motivation
- people are not aware of these motivations
- need for achievement
Need for achievement
Motivation to solve worthwhile problems
-unconscious
Approach motivation
- motivation to experience a positive outcome
- explained by the hedonic principle
- run to pleasure
Avoidance motivation
- motivation to not experience a negative outcome
- run from pain
- explained by hedonic principle
Control theory
- we are lost motivated when we are in control
- intrinsic motivation
Self perception theory
We perceive ourselves and then trying to see why we are doing it
Fundamental need to belong
- humans
- drives behavior and influences cognition and emotion
Social exclusion theory
-if we are excluded, we are wired to be anxious and are going to avoid being excluded
Social comparison theory
- people chose to be With others who are experiencing the same thing
- misery loves miserable company
Lateral emotional systems in the brain
Left hemisphere - more positive
Right hemisphere - more negative
R prefrontal activation vs left prefrontal activation
Right activates
- inc cortisol, dec natural killer cells
- recover more slowly from emotions stress
- can’t turn off neg feelings, stay longer
Coping process
- some people are Hardy and have dec neg response to stress
- stressed people are fragile and see stressful events as a challenge
- social support can help promote stress management and resilience
Mischel’s marshmallow test
- test emotional intelligence
- see at what age children can exercise delay of gratification
- at 4, still can’t delay gratification, but by 5 they can
- people who can control their impulses are more successful academically
Golman’s 5 aptitudes of emotional intelligence
1) self-awareness
2) self-soothing
3) self-motivation
4) empathy
5) effective relating-approp convo
- believed that we should focus on social results as much as academic results