Motor Control And Learning

Question 1

Movement

Answer 1

Functional objective that must be achieved in order to accomplish the overall goal of an activit

Question 2

Motor control

Answer 2

Ability to regulate or direct mechanisms essential to movement - CNS organizes individual muscles/joints into one coordinated functional movement

Question 3

Movement emerges from

Answer 3

Interaction of individual, task, and enviro

-generates movement to need demands of task and enviro

Question 4

Motor control requires

Answer 4

Action
Perception
Cognition

Question 5

Perception

Answer 5

Integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information
-both sensory and perceptual systems along w/ higher level processing

Question 6

Cognition

Answer 6

Attention, motivation, emotional aspects of motor control that underlie the establishment of intent or goals

Question 7

Motor programs

Answer 7

Communications in CNS that are based on past experiences and can generate planned postural adjustments and movements

Question 8

Sub programs

Answer 8

Learned parts that act as motor commands for more automatic routines

Question 9

The more complex the movement,

Answer 9

The more cortical networks involved

• all areas of brain are directly or indirectly involved in motor control
• inter connectivity b/n cortical areas will impact movement

Question 10

Lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 10

Distal muscles, precise movements

Planning of voluntary movements

Question 11

Anterior corticospinal tract

Answer 11

Axial (trunk) muscles, uncrossed fibers

Question 12

Corticospinal pathway origins - 4

Answer 12

4 PRimary motor cortex - 1/3 to face/hand/rest of body. Selectivity, skill, precision

Question 13

Corticospinal pathway origin - area 6

Answer 13

supplementary motor, premotor cortex - adjusts the manner in which spinal cord responds to the peripheral input

Question 14

Corticospinal pathway origin - area 312

Answer 14

Primary somatosensory/ 5,7 somatosensory association

Adjust transmission of the sensory pathways including stereognosis and discriminatory sensation

Question 15

Corticospinal pathways

Answer 15

Direct active movement control

• fine tuning of volitional movement, esp skilled indep finger control
• Skill and precision by incorporating visual and auditory information
• rate and rhythm of automatic movements
• speed and agility —>rapid skilled movements

Question 16

Basal ganglia

Answer 16

Inter connected gray matter nuclear masses- direct connection to limbic, frontal cortex, brainstem

• planning and programming movement (selection and inhibition of motor strategies)
• important role in cognitive processes, awareness of body orientation, adapt behavior to task changes/motivation

Question 17

Cerebellum

Answer 17

Integrative structure critical for environmental adaptations

-compares ongoing movement w/ the motor command from the cortex

Question 18

Primary motor areas

Answer 18

Receive somatopic projection from somatosensory cortex

• input is from muscle spindles, sensory side to stretch reflex
• neurons correlates w/ a wide variety of movement parameters including force, velocity, direction

Question 19

Secondary motor areas

Answer 19

Supplementary and premotor areas

Planning movements, neurons fire hundreds of milliseconds before a movement begins

Question 20

Supplementary motor area

Answer 20

Crucial for performing complicated tasks involving both sides of the body (two handed activities)

• complex sequences previously learned form memory in absence of visual cues
• more active in sequential motor task

Question 21

Premotor area

Answer 21

• Planning movements that require sensory cues
• Receives large input form posterior parietal cortex
• Provides sensory input for targeted areas and action is context specific
• projections into SC
• planning and initation of centrally programmed commands
• establishment of the postural set

Question 22

Premotor area involved

Answer 22

In activities that require sequencing of goal directed info

-Less active during repetitive simple movements

Question 23

Primary somatosensory area

Answer 23

After movement starts
Responds to Sensory feedback
Info via thalamus
Multiple sensory fields respond specially to a somatosensory input
Project to SC, BS, thalamus (control input to cerebral cortex)

Question 24

Both the somatosensory motor and pre motor cortex

Answer 24

Are active during learning a motor task!!

Question 25

Premotor vs somatosensory

Answer 25

Premotor - movements that rely on sensory inputs from enviro (vision and proprietary). Respond to changes in sensory input during complex movement or perturbations Somatosensory - active in skills that require planning several movements ahead, particularly at that require temporal ordering of proximal and distal movements

Question 26

Voluntary movement

Answer 26

Intentionally, guided by perception -planned then executed by output of motor commands (correct sequence of muscle activation) Sensory feedback to optimize performance Requires postural support

Question 27

Modulation of voluntary movement

Answer 27

Motor cortex alters it’s output depending on its afferent input - pyramidal tracts active before movement - contribute to establishment of postural set - allows feedback and feed forward loop

Question 28

Motor cortex damage

Answer 28

- deterioration in ability to make find indep. Movements of hand - contralateral loss of hand orientating responses - disruption of sensory motor linkage, esp spatial adjustments - destruction of internal capsule

Question 29

General motor cortex damage - destruction in internal capsule

Answer 29

Contralateral hemiplegia initially flaccid, later spastic | Most marked in distal muscles

Question 30

General lesion in primary motor area

Answer 30

Muscle paresis spasticity and difficulties w/ multi-joint movements on same side of face and contralateral side of body

Question 31

General lesion premotor area

Answer 31

Similar in presentation to primary - involves more proximal weakness (hip, shoulder) - motor planning skills affected - bilateral activities affected

Question 32

General lesion - supplementary motor cortex

Answer 32

Bilateral arm and hand movements Most apparent not during visually guided movements but during movements based on patterns or sequences -akinesis: loss of planning for movement control

Question 33

General lesion - primary somatosensory area

Answer 33

Contralateral sensory loss Stereognosis Limb position sense can be affected- sensory ataxia during attempted limb movements

Question 34

How to be most affective w/ pts w/ deficits (motor control)

Answer 34

- Most interesting things to CNS- new and novel - Produce stimulus significant to pt that relates to their CNS at moment in time to allow for integration - Individual differences: some repsond to cognitive, some sensory

Question 35

Motor control theory: Reflex theory

Answer 35

- Reflexes are building blocks of complex behavior, | - complex behavior: combined action of individual reflexes chained together

Question 36

Motor control theory: Reflex theory limitations

Answer 36

Reflexes must be generated by outside agent Doesn’t explain spontaneous and voluntary movement, movement that occurs in absence of sensory stim, fast or novel movements

Question 37

Motor control theory: hierarchical theory

Answer 37

- Defined organization in top down matter | - successively higher centers of NS exert control over level below it

Question 38

Motor control theory: hierarchical theory limitations

Answer 38

Doesn’t explain certain behaviors such as stepping on a nail causing pain which results in immediately flexor withdrawal - ie bottom up control

Question 39

Motor programming theories

Answer 39

- Based on physiologists of action (not reactions) - central motor program that can be activated by sensory stim or central process - research w/ cats - defines central pattern generator

Question 40

Motor programming theories: systems theory

Answer 40

Looked at whole body as mechanical system: Subject to mechanical forces such as gravity and inertial forces -showed same central command can result in quite different movements because of interplay b/n external forces and variations in initial conditions of task

Question 41

Motor programming theories: dynamic systems

Answer 41

- self organization where system of individual parts comes together and its individual elements behave collectively in an ordered way - no need for higher center to issue instructions - movements that are stable are less likely to change vs movements that are unstable

Question 42

Motor control theories: dynamic systems - change occurs

Answer 42

based on change in one of the systems, control parameter: variable that controls behavior of entire system

Question 43

Motor control theories: ecological theory

Answer 43

Most effective way for our motor systems to interact w/ environment in order to perform a goal directed behavior - how enviro info used to guide movements * *action requires perceptual info to produce goal directed task in a specific enviro

Question 44

Which motor control theory is best?

Answer 44

Combo of all theory - no one theory explains all movements | -evolution of systems approach which is interaction of individual, task, enviro

Question 45

Neurofacilatory approaches

Answer 45

50s-60s - tx the movement dysfunction of CNS lesion by attempting to affect CNS by manipulation of sensory input

Question 46

Neurofacilatory approach types

Answer 46

``` NDT PFN Brunnstrom SI DNS ```

Question 47

Old assumptions about neurofacilitation

Answer 47

-top down model of control emergence of behaviors organized w/ sequentially higher levels of NS -driven by sensory input -cortical lesions —> release of abnormal reflex—> constrained individuals ability to move Abnormal movement direct result of lesion

Question 48

Old assumptions about neurofacilitation - recovery

Answer 48

recovery requires higher centers to gain control of lower centers - should occur in same developmental sequence - functional skills will return once abnormal movement is inhibited - repetition of normal movement will automatically transfer to functional task

Question 49

Rehab and motor control today

Answer 49

Abnormal movement is individuals best solution to solving a problem given current state of NS and surrounding peripheral structures - not just a result of lesion itself - emphasis on training normal movement patterns - decreased time spend on inhibiting abnormal patterns - consider motor learning principles