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731: Pediatrics > Motor Development > Flashcards

Motor Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 goals of motor development?

A
  • control of the body against gravity
  • Maintain the body’s center of mass within the base of support
  • Intrasegmental and intersegmental isolated movements
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2
Q

What is an example of an intrasegmental movement?

A

Elbow joint moving separately from wrist and shoulder

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3
Q

What is an example of an intersegmental movement?

A

Moving head without moving extremities

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4
Q

What term is used to describe a full term infant in the first 28 days after birth?

A

neonate

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5
Q

How long does it take for physiologic flexion to gradually disappear in full term babies without neurologic impairments?

A

1 month

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6
Q

Describe the position of the head, UEs, hips, and pelvis when a baby from birth to 5-6 months is placed in prone.

A

Head: faces one side
UE: flexed, adducted, and hands fisted
Hips: flexed
Pelvis: anteriorly rotated

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7
Q

When do babies begin to actively lift their head?

A

2 months

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8
Q

By _ months cervical extension is enough is adequate to lift the head such that the baby’s face is at a 45-degree angle with the surface

A

3

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9
Q

By _ months cervical extension is enough is adequate to lift the head such that the baby’s face is at a 90-degree angle with the surface

A

4

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10
Q

The ability to use midline cervical extensors to lift their head is a sign of the diminishing of what reflex?

A

ATNR

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11
Q

What does the chin tuck represent in a child who can lift their head?

A

If the chin is tucked it indicates balanced cervical extensors and flexors

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12
Q

If a child exhibits TV shoulders while prone-on-elbows, the strength of what muscles should be tested?

A

serratus anterior and cervical extensors/flexors

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13
Q

During the _____ month, at the time when the infant is first attempting to lift his head, UE control at the shoulder begins to develop

A

second

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14
Q

What is scapulohumeral elongation?

A

the elongation of the axillary region as the humerus is flexed and eabducted away from the body and therefore away from the scapulae.

This important step allows babies to get their elbows in position for POE

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15
Q

Being able to shift weight from one UE to the other in the POE position allows for what forearm movements to occur?

A

Supination on the side to which he shifts and pronation on the side away from which he shifts

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16
Q

What does the pivot prone signify?

A

The ability to move segmentally from POE to “superman” position in order to pivot in the prone position.

Signifies scapular and pelvic stability that can alternate

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17
Q

The ability to attain the quadruped position requires what 3 types of stability?

A
  • hip
  • scapular
  • trunk
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18
Q

What are the 6 modes of locomotion that develop in the prone position in the order they develop?

A
  • scooting
  • crawling
  • pivoting in prone
  • rolling
  • creeping
  • plantigrade creeping
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19
Q

What can be defined as moving slowly by dragging the body along the ground?

A

crawling

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20
Q

When does crawling usually develop?

A

3-9 months

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21
Q

What can be defined as moving across the floor on hands and knees?

A

creeping

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22
Q

When does creeping usually develop?

A

6-7 months

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23
Q

In the supine position when does head lag appear when the infant is pulled to sitting?

A

when physiologic flexion disappears sometime within the first month

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24
Q

What milestone develops as the ATNR diminishes?

A

The ability to bring his head to midline and hold it their

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25
Q

When does the ability to hold the head in midline develop?

A

2-4 months

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26
Q

The ability to lift the head in supine develops around what month?

A

5th

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27
Q

What can be defined as the first attempts to stabilize the body, relative to gravity, in all postures?

A

fixing/setting

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28
Q

During what month does the child begin to actively lift his LEs from the surface in supine?

A

5th month

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29
Q

Babies first reach to the ___lateral LE with the UE followed by reaching to the ___lateral LE. This is important for the development of what?

A

ipsilateral

contralateral

body schema

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30
Q

When a child begins to put their feet in their mouth this indicates integration of what reflex?

A

Sucking and rooting reflex

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31
Q

Describe the 2-stage rolling progression a baby goes through

A

From birth to 6 months the child performs nonsegmental rolling.
Segmental rolling develops at 6 months

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32
Q

Describe nonsegmental rolling

A

Allows the child to roll from supine to side-lying

Also referred to as log rolling

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33
Q

What reflex is nonsegmental rolling based on? Explain…

A

The neck-righting reaction. As the child’s head is turned to one side, proprioceptors in the neck are stimulated causing the body to follow in one complete unit within the vertebral column

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34
Q

The neck-righting reaction gradually diminishes and gives way to what reaction?

A

body-righting reaction on the body, which leads to SEGMENTAL rolling

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35
Q

Describe the body-righting reaction

A

When the head is rotated to one side, the body reacts by following in the direction of the head turn, thus rolling toward that side. The different segments of the body are seen to respond sequentially, rather than move as one unit

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36
Q

Segmental rolling requires rotation within the body axis, the vertebral column which is referred to as what?

A

intra-axial rolling

37
Q

When does the child learn to roll segmentally from prone to supine?

A

usually by 5 months

38
Q

When does the child learn to roll segmentally from supine to prone?

A

usually by 6 months

39
Q

Describe supported sitting

A

The infant’s trunk exhibits a “complete C-curve” due to the lack of antigravity extensor muscle control.

40
Q

In supported sitting the pelvis is ______ to the supporting surface. On the other hand it is considered a red flag if the infant is sitting on what?

A

perpendicular

Sacrum, with the pelvis extremely posteriorly tilted.

41
Q

At approximately _ months of age, the child begins to exhibit his first abilities for sitting without the external support of either being held or sitting with a back rest

A

5

42
Q

What reflex is typically integrated around 4 months that allows for scapular stability and for the child to use his hands to support himself on the surface?

A

hand grasp reflex

43
Q

What sitting posture develops after propped sitting that allows the child to begin reaching with his UE?

A

ring sitting

44
Q

When does ring sitting develop?

A

6 months

45
Q

How does the child typically hold his UE when ring sitting?

A

in high guard which uses the rhomboids to enhance trunk stability

46
Q

What sitting posture indicates the ability to dissociate LE movements?

A

half-ring sitting

47
Q

What 2 sitting progressions occur after half-ring sitting?

A
  • long sitting

- side sitting

48
Q

By _ months of age, the child is able to sit independently

A

8

49
Q

While in supported standing, tilting the child forward slightly ill produce reflex stepping, by the end of _ months of age most infants lose this reflex. Due to what?

A

2

Because the mass of the infant’s LE become too heavy to lift

50
Q

What can be defined as the absence of automatic stepping?

A

abasia

51
Q

What can be defined as lack of weight bearing through the lower extremities and typically occurs during the _ and _ months

A

astasia

3rd and 4th

52
Q

At _ months of age the child volitionally bears full weight on his LEs and can stand supported

A

7

53
Q

When does the child begin to pull himself to standing in his crib?

A

7-8 months

54
Q

The child is able to stand independently at __ months through the knee-standing and half-kneeling postures

A

10

55
Q

What is the difference between pull to stand and independent standing?

A

The child has developed the ability to lower himself eccentrically

56
Q

Cruising usually develops around the same time as independent standing. Describe it…

A

Stepping sideways while holding onto furniture. Often attain the abilities to squat to pick up toys

57
Q

First independent forward walking generally occurs between __-__ months, with the typical child walking at _ months

A

10-15

12

58
Q

What reflex must disappear in order for independent locomotion can occur?

A

Plantar grasp reflex

59
Q

What does not allow for the longitudinal arches to be visible? When does this disappear?

A

the plantar fat pad

2 years of age

60
Q

When does running usually develop?

A

3-4 years

61
Q

What are the 4 subgroups of balance skills?

A
  • righting/Labyrinthine reactions
  • tilting reactions
  • equilibrium reactions
  • protective reactions
62
Q

Describe righting/Labyrinthine reactions

A

There is slight perturbation well within the BOS and the head attempts to achieve horizontal mouth position

63
Q

Describe tilting reactions

A

The surface on which the child is seated, standing, or otherwise positioned is moved, thus causing the child’s COM to shift

64
Q

Describe equilibrium reactions

A

The child is on a stationary surface and the force of the perturbation is directed at the child’s body causing a shift in the COM

65
Q

When is the protective response responsible for regaining balance?

A

When the COM has been pushed beyond the borders of the BOS. The child puts out his hand or foot to catch himself

66
Q

Visually directed reaching occurs between - months

A

3-5

67
Q

The child begins to play with their feet around _ months of age

A

5

68
Q

The ulnar fingers predominate grasp between - months

A

5-7

69
Q

Forefinger dominates grasp at __ months

A

11

70
Q

The child is able to grade pressure of his grasp at __ months

A

12 months

71
Q

A child is able to scribble on paper at __ months

A

15

72
Q

A child is able to turn the pages of a book around __ months

A

21

73
Q

Tandem standing occurs at _ years

A

2

74
Q

The ability to walk in a straight line develops around _ years

A

3

75
Q

The ability to walk in a circle develops around _ years

A

4

76
Q

The ability to balance on 1 foot develops around _ years

A

5

77
Q

The ability to walk backwards develops around _ months

A

18

78
Q

The ability to jump down from a step develops around _ years

A

2

79
Q

The ability to jump up with both feet develops around _ months

A

28

80
Q

The ability to hop 3 times develops around _ years

A

3

81
Q

The ability to hop 8-10 times on one foot develops around _ years

A

5

82
Q

The ability to gallop develops around _ years

A

4

83
Q

The ability to skip develops around _ years

A

6

84
Q

The ability to catch a ball with the use of his hands and body develops around _ years

A

3

85
Q

The ability to catch a ball with the use of his hands only develops around _ years

A

5

86
Q

The ability to kick and throw a ball develops around - years

A

2-3

87
Q

The ability to fast walk develops around _ months

A

18 months

88
Q

The ability to true run with nonsupport phase develops around - years

A

2-3

731: Pediatrics (19 decks)

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