mpqs final

Question 1

A computer CPU’s processing power is measured in Hz (usually giga-Hz, GHz) because it depends on the

Answer 1

number of operations it performs per second.

Question 2

_______ is the psychological aspect of sound related to perceived intensity or magnitude.

Answer 2

Loudness

Question 3

The physical intensity of sound is measured in units called

Answer 3

dB

Question 4

The lowest-frequency component of a complex period sound is its

Answer 4

fundamental frequency.

Question 5

Sounds are first collected from the environment by the

Answer 5

pinna

Question 6

The _______ is a thin sheet of skin at the end of the outer ear canal that vibrates in response to sound.

Answer 6

tympanic membrane

Question 7

The _______ consists of three tiny bones called ossicles.

Answer 7

middle ear

Question 8

What is the correct order of the vibrations from the eardrum as they pass through the ossicles?

Answer 8

Malleus, incus, stapes

Question 9

The ossicles transfer sound vibrations between the _______ and _______.

Answer 9

tympanic membrane; oval window

Question 10

Vibrations transmitted through the tympanic membrane and middle-ear bones cause the _______ to push and pull the flexible window in and out of the vestibular canal at the base of the cochlea.

Answer 10

stapes

Question 11

The acoustic reflex protects the ear from intense sounds by

Answer 11

contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles.

Question 12

The tympanic, vestibular, and middle canals are filled with which substance?

Answer 12

Fluid

Question 13

Most of the information about sound waves is conveyed to the brain by the

Answer 13

inner hair cells.

Question 14

The _______ is where fine changes in sound pressure in the environment are translated into neural signals.

Answer 14

inner ear

Question 15

The organ of Corti is a structure on the basilar membrane composed of _______ and dendrites of auditory nerve fibers.

Answer 15

hair cells

Question 16

Which of the following is a spiral structure in the inner ear that has three parallel canals filled with watery fluids?

Answer 16

Cochlea

Question 17

Why is it important for the basilar membrane to move?

Answer 17

Movement of the basilar membrane causes hair cells to bend, releasing neurotransmitters.

Question 18

How is the harmonic spectrum of sound analogous to the color spectrum of light?

Answer 18

Both sounds and lights consist of many different wavelengths that are encoded independently.

Question 19

the phenomenon known as two-tone suppression occurs when

Answer 19

a second tone of a slightly different frequency is added to the first tone.

Question 20

A(n) _______ is a map plotting the responses of a neuron or fiber to sine waves with varying frequencies at the lowest intensity that will give rise to a response.

Answer 20

threshold tuning curve

Question 21

Rate saturation occurs when a nerve fiber is firing as rapidly as possible and

Answer 21

further stimulation cannot increase the firing rate.

Question 22

Some auditory nerves fire in synchrony at a particular point in the period of a sound wave, which is called

Answer 22

phase locking.

Question 23

What is the correct order for the structures through which sound information is transferred from the cochlea to the auditory cortex?

Answer 23

Superior olive, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus

Question 24

The primary auditory cortex (A1) is organized in a _______ manner.

Answer 24

tonotopic

Question 25

The belt area has neurons that respond to

Answer 25

more complex characteristics of sound.

Question 26

Experimenters often use _______ as masking in their studies involving sound.

Answer 26

white noise

Question 27

Which type of hearing loss is due to defects in the cochlea or auditory nerve?

Answer 27

Sensorineural

Question 28

The _______ is the difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other and helps us localize sound.

Answer 28

interaural time difference

Question 29

The azimuth is the

Answer 29

angle of a sound source on the horizontal plane relative to a point in the center of the head between the ears.

Question 30

Which method(s) of sound localization between the two ears is/are used most often for tones of very low frequencies?

Answer 30

Interaural time difference

Question 31

Which method(s) of sound localization between the two ears is/are used most often for tones of very high frequencies?

Answer 31

Interaural level difference

Question 32

Which direction on the azimuth would have the largest interaural time difference?

Answer 32

90°

Question 33

the _______ is the relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to the detection of interaural time differences.

Answer 33

medial superior olive

Question 34

The _______ is a relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to the detection of interaural level differences.

Answer 34

lateral superior olive

Question 35

Suppose you get a new ear piercing that dramatically changes the shape of your pinna and causes you to have trouble localizing sounds. From which direction will you have the hardest time localizing sounds, and why?

Answer 35

Sounds from above, due to changes in the direction transfer function

Question 36

Which term describes the spectrum of a complex sound in which energy is at integer multiples of the fundamental frequency?

Answer 36

Harmonic spectrum

Question 37

Neurons that are sensitive to intensity differences between the two ears can be found in the

Answer 37

lateral superior olives.

Question 38

_______ is the psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that two sounds with the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar.

Answer 38

Timbre

Question 39

_______ is the lowest-frequency component of a complex periodic sound.

Answer 39

Fundamental frequency

Question 40

The part of a sound during which amplitude increases is known as

Answer 40

attack

Question 41

Auditory Stream Segregation involves the

Answer 41

distinction of auditory events in the broader environment.

Question 42

Which of the following describes the phenomenon of, for example, being able to identify the different instruments in a composition based on their distinctive sound characteristics?

Answer 42

Grouping by timbre

Question 43

_______ effects have been demonstrated in the laboratory with a wide variety of target sounds and interrupting sounds. The simplest version of such an experiment is to delete portions of a pure tone and replace them with noise.

Answer 43

Continuity

Question 44

Which of the following describes the phenomenon of grouping sounds that begin at the same time?

Answer 44

Grouping by onset

Question 45

An octave is the

Answer 45

interval between two sound frequencies having a ratio of 2:1.

Question 46

_______ is a sound quality whereby a sound is heard to be of higher or lower pitch.

Answer 46

Tone height

Question 47

Which sound frequency would have the most similar tone chroma to a 220-Hz tone?

Answer 47

440 Hz

Question 48

A _______ is a combination of three or more musical notes with different pitches played simultaneously.

Answer 48

chord

Question 49

What is the effect of culture on the perception of music?

Answer 49

People tend to hear musical notes in ways that correspond to their culture.

Question 50

The rare ability whereby some people are able to very accurately name or produce notes without comparison to other notes is called _______ pitch.

Answer 50

absolute

Question 51

A melody is defined by the _______, rather than by an exact sequence of sound frequencies.

Answer 51

pattern of rises and falls in pitch

Question 52

Jazz musicians often "swing" the timing of when they play notes in a song such that there is a systematic deviation from the regular rhythm. This is an example of

Answer 52

syncopation.

Question 53

_______ is the process through which the vocal folds are made to vibrate when air pushes out of the lungs.

Answer 53

Phonation

Question 54

Snoring happens during sleep because air is pushed out from the lungs and the _______ is/are engaged, thus making noise.

Answer 54

vocal folds

Question 54

The three basic components of the production of speech are respiration, phonation, and

Answer 54

articulation.

Question 55

Each consonant we produce can be classified according to three articulatory dimensions: place of articulation, manner of articulation, and

Answer 55

voicing.

Question 55

_______ is the act or manner of producing speech sound using the vocal tract.

Answer 55

Articulation

Question 56

The phenomenon in speech whereby attributes of successive speech units overlap in articulatory or acoustic patterns is known as

Answer 56

coarticulation.

Question 57

_______ is the phenomenon whereby a person repeats the sound "gah" while the sound "bah" comes from a speaker and the observer hears the sound "dah"?

Answer 57

The McGurk effect

Question 59

Native listeners learn to

Answer 59

filter out irrelevant acoustic information.

Question 60

_______ olfaction refers to sniffing in and perceiving odors through the nostrils, while _______ olfaction refers to perceiving odors through the mouth while chewing.

Answer 60

Orthonasal; retronasal

Question 61

Meet John. All food tastes pretty bland to him—he can only sense the sweetness, saltiness, bitterness, or sourness of food, but none of the other complexities. What is the best diagnosis for John?

Answer 61

Anosmia

Question 62

An _______ is a molecule defined by its physiochemical characteristics and is capable of being translated by the nervous system into the perception of a smell.

Answer 62

odorant

Question 63

Which of the following is the translation of a chemical stimulus into a smell sensation?

Answer 63

Odor

Question 64

The cilia are

Answer 64

the first structures involved in olfactory signal transduction.

Question 65

The _______ is the blueberry-sized extension of the brain, just above the nose, where olfactory information is first processed.

Answer 65

olfactory bulb

Question 66

Why is olfaction unique among all of the senses in terms of its neural wiring?

Answer 66

It has a direct connection to the limbic system.

Question 66

_______ form part of the deepest layer of cells in the olfactory bulb. Each of these cells responds only to a few specific odorants.

Answer 66

Mitral cells

Question 67

The shape-pattern theory of olfaction is based on the idea that

Answer 67

odorants' shapes fit into the olfactory receptors' shapes.

Question 68

This odor is created when at least 30 odorants of equal intensity that span olfactory physiochemical and psychological (perceptual) space are mixed. The resultant odor percept is the same as every other mixture of 30 odorants meeting the span and equivalent intensity criteria, even though the various mixtures do not share any common odorants.

Answer 68

Olfactory white

Question 68

The _______ is the part of the brain responsible for processing olfaction and for assigning affective value to stimuli.

Answer 68

orbitofrontal cortex

Question 69

If you are in a food court and recognize the smell of a particular dish but cannot name it, you are experiencing the _______ phenomenon.

Answer 69

tip-of-the-nose

Question 70

_______ might cause a wine to taste very different when you are sampling many other wines at the same time, compared to drinking the wine on its own.

Answer 70

Cross-adaptation

Question 71

Which of the following is a chemical-sensing organ in non-human animals located at the base of the nasal cavity, with a curved, tubular shape?

Answer 71

Vomeronasal organ

Question 72

_______ is the sensation evoked by solutions that contact receptors in the tongue, while _______ includes the former and also retronasal olfaction.

Answer 72

Taste; flavor

Question 72

_______ is the psychological process by which, after long-term exposure to an odorant, one is no longer able to detect that odorant, or has very diminished detection ability.

Answer 72

Cognitive habituation

Question 73

_______ are the taste bud-containing folds of tissue that are located on the rear of the tongue, where the tongue attaches to the mouth.

Answer 73

Foliate papillae

Question 73

A(n) _______ is any stimulus that can be tasted.

Answer 73

tastant

Question 74

Anesthesia of the chorda tympani causes

Answer 74

impaired taste.

Question 75

_______ are circular, mound-like structures surrounded by a trench that form an inverted "V" on the rear of the tongue.

Answer 75

Circumvallate papillae

Question 75

_______ is the taste quality produced by the hydrogen ion in foods.

Answer 75

sour

Question 76

_______ is the taste quality produced by the positively charged ion (cation) from the molecule NaCl.

Answer 76

Salty

Question 77

If you adjust the brightness of a light until it matches the intensity of sourness of the taste of a lemon, you are engaging in

Answer 77

cross-modality matching.

Question 77

Called the fifth basic taste, _______ is the taste sensation evoked by MSG.

Answer 77

umami

Question 78

Which health consequence of variations in taste sensations has been empirically verified?

Answer 78

People who find PROP to be very bitter also tend to avoid eating bitter-tasting vegetables and so have a higher incidence of colon polyps.

Question 79

If you have a specific craving for salty foods due to a sodium deficiency, it is an example of the _______ theory.

Answer 79

specific hungers

Question 80

If you accidentally consume a poisonous food, what will it probably taste like?

Answer 80

Bitter

Question 81

The insular cortex

Answer 81

is the first primary cortical processing area for taste.

Question 82

The labeled lines theory of taste coding holds that each _______ carries a particular taste quality.

Answer 82

taste nerve fiber

Question 83

_______ are slender projections on the tips of some taste bud cells that extend into the taste pore.

Answer 83

Microvilli