MSK PL / neuro Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
List the five types of sacral fractures
A
- Alar (I)
- Foraminal (II)
- Transverse (III)
- Avulsion (IV)
- Comminuted (V)
2
Q
Novel method for sacral stabilization in Vardanega’ 2024 study?
A
dorsal transiliac locking plates
3
Q
recc from Kang 2023 about 2 HCS vs single cortical screw for SI lux?
A
The use of two smaller double headless cannulated screws may be beneficial as an alternative.
4
Q
What complications were noted in the use of SOP plates for feline pelvic fractures? Adrian, VCOT 2023.
A
25% complications, with 15% screw loosening
5
Q
What criteria for inclusion were noted for double pelvic osteotomies in dogs with hip dysplasia >10mo? Petazzoni, VS 2022.
A
- Hip reduction angle <40
- Subluxation angle <25
- DAR angle between 7.5-25 degrees
- Minimal OA
6
Q
What was the success rate of double pelvic osteotomy using DPO plates according to Tavola’s 2023 study?
A
92% success
7
Q
What was the failure rate of single plate versus double plate in the treatment of feline ilial fractures using cuttable plates? Wiersema, VCOT 2021.
A
Single plate = 48% vs double plate = 12%
8
Q
What type of fractures were most common in the management and long-term outcome study of acetabular fractures in dogs? * Roberts, VCOT 2021.
A
Middle acetabular fractures (70%)
9
Q
What was the implant failure rate associated with locking versus non-locking plates for ilial body fractures? implant failure rate? Petrovsky, VS 2021.
A
implant failure = 30%
* Non-locking = 45%
* Locking = 4%
10
Q
What was the mean pelvic canal enlargement achieved through triple pelvic osteotomy in cats for pelvic stenosis? Cinti, VCOT 2020.
A
20%
11
Q
What is the recommendation regarding fixation based on the load-bearing evaluation of the canine acetabulum?
A
Recommends fixation in the caudal third
12
Q
What classification scheme was proposed for sacral fractures in dogs and cats? Anderson, JSAP 1997.
A
Five types: Alar, foraminal, transverse, avulsion, and comminuted
13
Q
Hanlon, VS 2022. Mechanical evaluation of canine sacroiliac joint stabilization using two short screws
recc for 2 short screws vs single long? length of sacral width for 2 short screws?
A
2 short screwsàspan ~ 23% of the width of the sacral body & stop short/abaxial to the spinal canal
o SI lux w/ 2 screws = superior construct w/ larger region of acceptable implant positioningàposs dec risk of
iatrogenic injury
14
Q
What is the complication rate associated with centerline canine cementless total hip arthroplasty? Zuendt, JAVMA 2023.
A
25%
Complications include femoral neck fractures, aseptic, and septic loosening.
15
Q
What are the results of using the BFX lateral bolt femoral stem in canine total hip replacement? Kwok, VS 2023.
A
Low complication rate, minimal subsidence, and 97% success in achieving normal limb function
Complications included 1% femur fractures and 4% hip luxations.
16
Q
What is the recommended implant type to decrease the risk of suture failure in cats with coxofemoral luxations? Knell , VCOT 2023
A
Mini tight rope with a double-stranded implant
Suture failure rates: single = 25%, double = 8%.
17
Q
What is a common outcome after open reduction of hip luxation in cats? Knell , VCOT 2023
A
Osteoarthritis (OA)
OA is often reported following this procedure.
18
Q
What were the major complications reported from a multiuser canine hip replacement registry? Allaith, vet surg 2023.
A
- Luxation (36%)
- Fracture (18%)
- Aseptic loosening (13%)
- Femoral acetabular cup loosening (10%)
- Infection (7%)
- Acetabular fracture (2%)
- Implant failure (1%)
BioMedtrix BFX and Helica implants were associated with increased complications when used for revisions of femoral head ostectomy (FHO).
19
Q
What was the reluxation rate observed after double pelvic osteotomy for craniodorsal luxation of total hip prosthesis in dogs? Thibault, VS 2023.
A
45%
63% of cases required explant due to complications.
20
Q
Is double pelvic osteotomy recommended for managing craniodorsal THR luxations? Thibault, VS 2023.
A
No
High complication rates and poor long-term outcomes are associated with this approach.
21
Q
What is the recommended femoral tunnel-femoral neck diameter ratio for reducing suture failure? Knell , VCOT 2023.
A
20%
This ratio is suggested to optimize implant stability.
22
Q
What was the subsidence rate observed with the BFX lateral bolt stem? Kwok, VS 2023.
A
~1mm
This indicates minimal movement of the implant post-surgery.
23
Q
List the factors that recommend a cemented stem for canine hip arthroplasty. Meltzer, VS 2022.
A
- Older dogs
- Increased body weight
- German Shepherd Dogs (GSDs)
- Low canal flare index
- Thin cortices
- Medialization of greater trochanter (GT)
- Stovepipe shape
These factors indicate a higher likelihood of successful outcomes with cemented stems.
24
Q
List the factors that recommend a cementless/BFX stem for canine hip arthroplasty. Meltzer, VS 2022.
A
- Trabecular sclerosis
- Flute shape
These conditions favor the use of cementless or BFX stems.
25
What was the most common indication for total hip replacement in cats according to Tilve, VS 2022?
Slipped capital physis
## Footnote
This condition was most frequently observed in young male cats.
26
What was the complication rate in the study involving total hip replacement in cats? Tilve, VS 2022?
20%
## Footnote
This indicates a significant rate of complications in the cohort studied.
27
What was the outcome of using a single full cerclage wire in canine cementless collared stem total hip replacement? Isreal, VS 2022.
Minimized risk of proximal femur fracture
## Footnote
The study found no complications with cerclage wire, and no proximal femur fractures occurred.
28
What was the success rate of coxofemoral luxation treatment with closed reduction in cats? Lefloch, JFMS 2022.
51%
## Footnote
This reflects the success of this treatment method in the studied population.
29
What is the intraoperative complication rate for cats treated with hip toggle stabilization? Ruperez, VS 2021.
4%
## Footnote
This refers to the percentage of complications that occurred during the surgical procedure.
30
What is the postoperative complication rate for cats treated with hip toggle stabilization? and reluxation rate? Ruperez, VS 2021.
comps = 24%
relux = 11%
## Footnote
This percentage indicates complications that arose after the surgery.
31
What factors are associated with reluxation in cats after hip toggle stabilization? Ruperez, VS 2021.
* Additional orthopedic procedures
* Intraoperative complications
* Not performing a capsulorrhaphy
## Footnote
These factors increase the likelihood of reluxation occurring post-surgery.
32
What is the complication rate for dogs after toggle rod stabilization for coxofemoral luxation? Mathews, VS 2021.
24%
## Footnote
This rate includes any complications that occurred after the surgical procedure.
33
What percentage of dogs experienced reluxation after toggle rod stabilization? Mathews, VS 2021.
15%
## Footnote
This statistic highlights the frequency of reluxation among dogs post-surgery.
34
What factors were associated with increased and decreased risk of reluxation in dogs? Mathews, VS 2021.
increased: non traumatic lux, low impact lux
decreased:
* Traumatic luxation
* Severe lameness
## Footnote
These conditions are associated with a lower likelihood of reluxation occurring.
35
What is a characteristic of the Zurich cementless dual mobility system for canine total hip prosthesis? Lanz, VCOT 2021.
Allows impingement-free range of angulation of 80-132 degrees
## Footnote
This feature provides greater flexibility and movement without risk of joint impingement.
36
What is the relux rate following treatment of craniodorsal hip luxation in dogs? Schlag, JAVMA 2019.
43%
37
What percentage of dogs experienced soft tissue (ST) injury after closed hip reduction and ehmer? Schlag, JAVMA 2019.
50%
38
What was the success rate of the Ehmer sling placement? Schlag, JAVMA 2019.
Low success rate
39
What is the complication rate reported for diaphyseal femoral fractures repaired with the string-of-pearls locking plate system and IM pins? Telek, JAVMA 2024.
20% due to IM pin migration
## Footnote
This refers to complications observed in a study evaluating perioperative clinical outcomes.
40
Which three radiographic assessment methods were compared for detecting slipped capital femoral epiphyses in cats? Butts, JFMS 2023.
Klein’s line, modified Klein’s line, S-sign
## Footnote
The comparison was made to evaluate their effectiveness in early diagnosis.
41
Which radiographic method was found to be more sensitive than Klein's line for detecting slipped capital femoral epiphyses? Butts, JFMS 2023.
S-sign
## Footnote
This method was successful in both VD extended and frog-leg views.
42
What technique was used for managing distal femoral physeal Salter–Harris Type I and II fractures in a study involving 31 cats? Bondonny, VCOT 2023.
Modified Intramedullary Pinning Technique
o Tx = IM pin (normograde) + one antirotational Kwire in lateral condyle
## Footnote
This technique was evaluated in a retrospective study.
43
What percentage of satisfactory healing was reported in the study by Moya on femoral capital physeal or neck fractures repaired MIPO?
76%
## Footnote
This refers to the healing outcomes of closed reduction and fluoroscopic-guided percutaneous pinning in dogs.
44
What was the complication rate reported in Moya's study on capital physical femoral fractures repaired MIPO?
45%
## Footnote
Complications included intraarticular implants, implant failure/nonunion, implant migration, and malunion.
45
What new technique was described as tx for distal femoral valgus in juvenile dogs? Vezzoni 2023.
Hemiepiphysiodesis for tx of distal femoral valgus --allows inc aLDFA and
should be considered an early tx in affected immature dogs
## Footnote
This technique allows for an increase in aLDFA and should be considered early treatment.
46
What iatrogenic complication was reported by Anderson following tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) with caudal plate placement?
Permanent fibular nerve injury
## Footnote
This occurred with a more caudally positioned plate.
47
What happens if ostectomies (CCWO) distalized more than 7.5mm according to Banks?
Magnitude of undercorrection increases (and inc tibial long axis shift)
## Footnote
This suggests careful consideration of osteotomy distance in surgical planning.
48
What was the consistent postoperative tibial plateau angle reported by Banks 2023 for CCWO?
6-8 degrees
## Footnote
This indicates a typical outcome range post-surgery.
49
What fixation methods evaluated in the feline transverse patella fracture model was superior? Lee, JFMS 2023.
Pin/tension band wire, circumferential/figure of 8 wire, circumferential/figure of 8 FiberWire
## Footnote
FiberWire is noted for being more resistant to displacement compared to orthopedic wire.
50
What are the reported complication rates for treatment with pin/tension band fixation for patellar fx in cats in previous studies?
64–86% (Langsley)
## Footnote
These high complication rates were highlighted in studies by LangleyHobbs.
51
What biomechanical effect is observed after TPLO according to Husi's study?
Thrust is negative but rotational instability persists
## Footnote
This was determined through internal/external compression tests.
52
What effect does the TPLO-excap (fiber tape) have on stifle stability? Husi 2023
Neutralizes craniocaudal and rotational instability
## Footnote
This effect is observed during TCT, eTPT, and iTPT.
53
What tests are recommended to assess stifle stability after TPLO to determine if excap is needed? Husi, Vet surg 2023.
externalTPT and internalTPT
## Footnote
These tests should be performed if there is uncertainty about adding excap.
54
What was the complication rate reported by Redolfi et al. after combined tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and tibial tuberosity transposition?
18%
## Footnote
This includes one case of recurrent medial patellar luxation.
55
What was the resolution rate for medial patellar luxation (MPL) after TPLO/TTT? Redolfi et al, VCOT 2023.
96%
## Footnote
This indicates a high success rate for resolving MPL.
56
What technique is recommended for cases with cranial cruciate ligament tear and medialization of the tibial tuberosity? Redolfi et al, VCOT 2023.
TPLO-TTT technique
## Footnote
This recommendation stands provided there is no femoral/tibial torsion.
57
What is the recc osteotomy site for the TTT after TPLO? Redolfi et al, VCOT 2023.
~20 to 30% of the distance between the insertion of the patellar ligament and caudal tibial cortex
## Footnote
It should exit proximal near the arc of the TPLO saw.
58
What is the complication rate associated with dome trochleoplasty? Ericksen. JAVMA 2023.
50%
## Footnote
Major complications occur in 43% of joints due to pin migration or recurrent luxation.
59
What percentage of dogs experience recurrent patella luxation after dome trochleoplasty? Ericksen. JAVMA 2023.
19%
## Footnote
Previous rates of recurrent luxation were between 6-6.4%.
60
What is the efficacy of early surgical management (7mo old) for high-grade medial patellar luxation? Carrera, VCOT 2023.
Effective for definitive treatment
## Footnote
This is specifically noted for grade 3/4 MPL.
61
Which surgical techniques were found to be the most accurate in achieving TPA for dogs w/ eTPA? Story. Vet Surg 2023.
coCBLO & proximal tibial NWO
## Footnote
These techniques showed the best precision in TPA correction.
62
What was the ADE related to TPLO/CCWO and coCBLO? Story. Vet Surg 2023.
Tibial shortening = TPLO/CCWO, mechanical axis shift = coCBLO
## Footnote
These terms refer to the specific anatomical changes resulting from each technique.
63
Which surgical technique resulted in the largest tibial long axis shift? Story. Vet Surg 2023.
coCBLO
## Footnote
CoCBLO caused a shift of 6.5mm in the tibial long axis.
64
Which technique has the least impact on tibial geometry? Worden. VCOT 2023.
TPLO/CCWO
## Footnote
It is designed to minimize alterations to the tibial structure.
65
Which techniques were noted to have the greatest impact on tibial geometry? Worden. VCOT 2023.
coCBLO, CCWO, and iCCWO
## Footnote
These techniques significantly alter the tibial structure compared to others.
66
What is the complication rate associated with the use of a jumbo plate in dogs greater than 50 kg following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy? MacCormick, JAVMA 2023.
45%
## Footnote
The specific complications include a surgical site infection (SSI) rate of 20%.
67
Did the use of a 3.5/4.0 TPLO prevent an increase in tibial plateau angle through convalescence? MacCormick, JAVMA 2023.
No
## Footnote
The increase in tibial plateau angle was deemed unacceptably high.
68
Does the combined center of rotation of angulation-based leveling osteotomy (CBLO) and tibial tuberosity transposition (TTT) weaken the construct compared to each procedure alone? Clough. Vet surg 2022.
No
## Footnote
The combined CBLO and TTT does not weaken the construct failure to load.
69
What was the incidence of medial meniscal injury in small dogs (≤15 kg) undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy? Colthurst, JSAP 2022.
38%
## Footnote
This is compared to 36% in medium-to-large dogs (>15 kg).
70
What was the incidence of postliminary meniscal tears in small versus large dogs? Colthurst, JSAP 2022.
Small dogs = 1.3%, Large dogs = 8%
## Footnote
This indicates a higher incidence of postliminary tears in larger dogs.
71
What factors increase the incidence of meniscal tears in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease? Colthurst, JSAP 2022.
Increased degree of CCL tear and arthroscopy
## Footnote
Complete tears have a significantly higher incidence of meniscal injuries.
72
What biomechanical advantage do K-wires placed transversely (0 degrees) provide in TTT? Hawbecker. VCOT 2022
They are biomechanically superior compared to those placed caudodistally at 30 degrees.
## Footnote
TTT refers to Tibial Tuberosity Transposition.
73
How can CCL degeneration due to eTPA be suppressed? Shimada, VCOT 2022.
By reducing the biomechanical load on the CCL through performing a TPLO.
## Footnote
TPLO stands for Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomy.
74
What is the effect of TPLO on CCL degeneration? Shimada, VCOT 2022.
It may delay or prevent degeneration of the CCL.
## Footnote
CCL stands for Cranial Cruciate Ligament.
75
What does a positive meniscal flounce sign indicate in canine stifle arthroscopy? Katz, Vet surg 2022.
It indicates a normal meniscus.
76
What is the most common ligament injury in traumatic stifle injury cases in cats? Coppola, JFMS 2022.
Cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL), caudal cruciate ligament (CdCL), and lateral collateral ligament (LCL).
## Footnote
Medial meniscus is more commonly injured as well.
77
Is the use of transarticular pin for immobilization recommended for feline stifle luxation? Coppola, JFMS 2022.
No, it is not recommended due to increased complications.
78
What percentage of good outcomes was reported in the study of traumatic stifle injury in cats? Coppola, JFMS 2022.
62%.
79
What is the risk of patella fracture associated with decreasing tibial plateau angle following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy? Geier, VS 2021.
The odds of patellar fracture increase by 21% for every 1 degree decrease in tibial plateau angle.
80
What dental conditions are associated with patellar fracture in cats with PADS? Langley-hobbs, JFMS 2021. P
Affected cats may have persistent deciduous teeth or unerupted adult dentition.
81
What other fractures may be associated with patellar fractures in cats? Langley-hobbs, JFMS 2021. P
* Pelvis
* Proximal tibia
* Humeral condyle
* Calcaneus
* Femoral neck
82
What are the treatment options for patellar fractures in cats? Langley-hobbs, JFMS 2021. P
* Conservative management
* Pin/Tension band wiring (not recommended for PADS)
* Circumferential wiring/suture
* Tibiopatellar suture (augmentation)
* Partial patellectomy (recommended)
83
What is the failure rate for pin/tension band wiring in cats with PADS? Langley-hobbs, JFMS 2021. P
80%.
84
Which surgical procedure showed a higher prevalence of subsequent medial meniscal tears in dogs? Jeong, VS 2021.
Tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) showed a higher prevalence compared to tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO).
85
What is the percentage of postliminary medial meniscal tears following TTA versus TPLO? Jeong, VS 2021.
* TTA: 73%
* TPLO: 6%
86
What percentage of lateral meniscal tears were observed in the study after TTA? Jeong, VS 2021.
80%.
87
What were the complication rates for bilateral simultaneous versus staged tibial plateau leveling osteotomy? Peress et al. VCOT 2020.
* Single session: 48%
* Staged: 20%
88
What was the incidence of tibial tuberosity fractures in single session bilateral TPLO surgeries? Peress et al. VCOT 2020.
2%.
89
What happens to the patella contact after block recession trochleoplasty? Brioschi, VCOT 2020.
The patella rides on the trochlear ridges and loses contact with the trochlear sulcus.
90
What should be combined with block recession trochleoplasty for better patellar groove contact? Brioschi, VCOT 2020.
Partial parasagittal patellectomy (PPP).
91
What is the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) associated with the management of canine cranial cruciate ligament rupture? Cox, VCOT 2020.
17%.
92
What factors are associated with an increased risk of surgical site infection? Cox, VCOT 2020.
* Increased body weight
* Propofol use
93
What is the wedge angle formula in modified cranial closing wedge osteotomy? Terreros, VS 2020.
Wedge angle = TPA - 5.
94
What is the prevalence of bilateral meniscal tears identified during treatment for cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs? Laube, VCOT 2020.
48%
95
What factors are associated with bilateral meniscal tears in dogs? Laube, VCOT 2020.
* Rottweilers
* Older dogs
* Decreased body weight
* Complete CCL tear
* History of meniscal tear
96
What condition does segmental femoral ostectomy address in dogs? Nagahiro. VCOT 2020.
Grade IV medial patellar luxation with shortened quadriceps muscle length
97
What percentage of dogs with grade II medial patellar luxation developed lameness or had surgery? Hamilton, JSAP 2020. T
50%
98
What was the strength comparison between tension band wiring and pin-only fixation for tibial tuberosity osteotomy? Zide. VCOT 2019.
TBW is 1.8x stronger than pin only
99
Does the orientation of pins (vertically vs horizontally) affect construct strength in tibial tuberosity osteotomy? Zide. VCOT 2019.
No, it does not affect construct strength
100
What was the complication rate in the retrospective study using the String of Pearls tibial plateau levelling osteotomy locking plate? McGregor, VCOT 2019
25%
101
Is the String of Pearls locking plate recommended for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament disease? McGregor, VCOT 2019
No, it is not recommended
102
What are the complication rates for BSSTPLO and SSTPLO when stabilized with locking implants? Cappelle, VCOT 2019.
BSSTPLO: 27%
SSTPLO: 44%
## Footnote
BSSTPLO refers to Bilateral Single Session Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomy, while SSTPLO refers to Staged Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomy.
103
What type of fractures were only seen in the Bilat SS TPLO group? Cappelle, VCOT 2019.
Tibial fractures and TT fractures
## Footnote
TT refers to tibial tuberosity.
104
What is the complication rate reported in the Flesher 2019 study for the modified Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomy for tx of MPL/CCL
18.4%
## Footnote
This study addressed concurrent medial patellar luxation and cranial cruciate ligament rupture.
105
What is the reluxation rate reported in the Flesher study after TPLO + medialization
7%
## Footnote
Relux refers to the recurrence of luxation after surgery.
106
What is a significant risk factor for excessive tibial plateau angle (eTPA) in large-breed dogs? Duerr. JAVMA 2008.
Neutering at less than 6 months of age
## Footnote
Neutering before 6 months increases the risk of eTPA among large-breed dogs.
107
What are the most likely causes of excessive tibial plateau angles (eTPAs)? Duerr. JAVMA 2008.
* Alterations in the growth of the proximal tibial physis
* Trauma
* Imbalance between the quadriceps femoris and gastrocnemius muscles
* Reduced blood supply
* Breed predisposition
* Overgrowth of the cranial part of the proximal tibial physis due to increased blood supply
* Developmental tibial deformity
## Footnote
These factors contribute to the development of eTPA in dogs.
108
What mechanical advantage do pre-bent interlocking nails provide in tibial gap fracture stabilization? chung, VS 2024.
Increased ability to resist bending from eccentric compressive loads
## Footnote
Pre-bending the nails can enhance their mechanical properties.
109
What may reduce the occurrence of tibial nail yield failure? chung, VS 2024.
Pre-bending tibial nails
## Footnote
Pre-bending can improve the stability of the nails under load.
110
What percentage of cases required non-elective explant following surgical repair of tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures? and what was a risk factor? Arun, VCOT 2022
31%
neutering inc risk for explant
## Footnote
This indicates a significant rate of complications in these surgeries.
111
recc regarding pin size for TT fx repair to dec risk for nonelective explant? Arun 2022
use of the smallest appropriate pin should be considered for standard surgical repair of TT fx to minimize the risk of requiring non-elective explant
## Footnote
Neutering significantly complicates surgical outcomes.
112
What clinical outcomes were achieved in young dogs with tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture repairs when implants were left in situ past skeletal maturity? Miller, JAVMA 2022.
Good clinical outcomes
## Footnote
Implant removal may not be necessary unless clinically indicated.
113
What percentage of major complications occurred in the management of proximal metaphyseal curvilinear tibial fractures? Winter, JSAP 2022
28%
## Footnote
This data is from Winter, JSAP 2022.
114
What issues are common in dogs with tibial fractures according to Winter, JSAP 2022?
Excessive TPA and tibial valgus
## Footnote
TPA refers to tibial plateau angle.
115
What pin placement technique might reduce complications in tibial apophyseal percutaneous pinning? Pfeil, VCOT 2020.
Divergent pin placement
## Footnote
This finding is reported in Pfeil, VCOT 2020.
116
What is the explant rate for smooth pins compared to negative threaded pins? Pfeil, VCOT 2020.
Smooth pin = 26% vs negative threaded = 0%
## Footnote
This data is from Pfeil, VCOT 2020.
117
What percentage of dogs experienced postoperative tibial fractures after triple tibial osteotomy surgery? Puerta, VCOT 2019.
22%
## Footnote
This statistic is from Puerta, VCOT 2019.
118
What factor is strongly associated with the development of postoperative tibial tuberosity fractures after triple tibial osteotomy? Puerta, VCOT 2019.
Narrow cortical hinge width (CHW) at the distal cortical attachment of the tibial crest
## Footnote
This association is noted in Puerta, VCOT 2019.
119
What is the percentage of early tibial tuberosity fractures after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy? Mehrkens, VS 2018.
0.8%
## Footnote
This statistic is reported by Mehrkens, VS 2018.
120
What factors are associated with tibial tuberosity fractures post-tibial plateau leveling osteotomy? Mehrkens, VS 2018.
* Placement of multiple pins
* Pin placement distal to Sharpey's fibers
* Single session bilateral TPLO
* Location of narrowest point of TT distal to insertion of Sharpey's fibers
## Footnote
These findings come from Mehrkens, VS 2018.
121
What factors are NOT associated with tibial tuberosity fractures? Mehrkens, VS 2018.
* Rotation past the 'safe point'
* Presence of a gap at osteotomy
## Footnote
These conclusions are drawn from Mehrkens, VS 2018.
122
What is the risk percentage of plantar necrosis associated with screw placement near the intermetatarsal channel? Holroyd, VCOT 2023
8%
123
What care should be taken when placing screws in the proximal 25% of the metatarsals for partial tarsal arthrodesis ? Holroyd, VCOT 2023
Avoid exiting dorsally between MTII and MTIII and across the distal region of the intermetatarsal channel
124
What is the most common fracture of the canine talus? Buj, VCOT 2020
Lateral trochlear ridge only
125
What was the incidence of complications in dogs treated with pantarsal arthrodesis using a medially applied plate? Anesi, VS 2020.
Complications: major req med mgmt only = 30% (1’ SSI), major req sx intervention =30% (MT fx, broken screws) § Minor=22%
126
What is the most common injury involving the central tarsal bone in non-racing dogs? Armstrong, VS 2019.
Type V fracture (68%)
127
What percentage of complications was noted in injuries involving the central tarsal bone? Armstrong, VS 2019.
62%
128
fixation with which implants for calcaneal fx had a lower risk of complications ? Perry 2017
when treated with plates/screws
129
What concurrent injuries are common with type V fractures of the central tarsal bone? Armstrong 2019
Luxation of the Tc (25%)
130
What complications were associated with calcaneal fractures in non-racing dogs and cats?
61%
131
What was the overall complication rate following craniotomy or craniectomy in dogs and cats? Morton, JAVMA 2022.
35%
## Footnote
The mortality rate associated with these complications was found to be 15%.
132
In the study regarding congenital hydrocephalus, what percentage of dogs treated with prednisolone showed neurologic improvement? Gillespie, JAVMA 2019.
Approximately 50%
## Footnote
This study involved 40 cases from 2005 to 2016.
133
What were the outcomes for dogs treated surgically versus those treated medically for congenital hydrocephalus? Gillespie, JAVMA 2019.
54% improved, 42% deteriorated (surgical treatment)
## Footnote
This reflects the outcomes of surgical treatment for dogs with congenital hydrocephalus.
134
What treatment methods are recc for thoracolumbar and lumbosacral intervertebral disc herniations in cats? Amey, JVIM 2024.
Conservative tx could be as effective as surgical decompression in cats with TL or LS IVDH
## Footnote
The neuro improvement at 6 weeks was reported as 62% for surgery and 54% for medical treatment.
135
What were the five most frequent diagnoses in dogs under 18 months with myelopathies ? Piklington, JVIM 2024.
* Vertebral malformation (18%)
* Arachnoid diverticulum (12%)
* Traumatic fracture (10%)
* AA instability (8%)
* Osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (8%)
## Footnote
Intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) was the least common at 4%.
136
What clinical signs were associated with vertebral malformation and arachnoid diverticulum in juvenile dogs? Piklington, JVIM 2024.
VM: young, screw tail, pugs + chronic T3-L3; AD: screw tail, pugs + non-painful CS
## Footnote
CS = clinical signs.
137
What was the finding regarding residual volume of extruded disc material in postoperative MRI? Auffret, VRU 2024.
Residual extradural material was present in 100%
## Footnote
This finding does not predict neurological outcomes following decompressive surgery.
138
What were the two main causes of sciatic nerve injury identified in the study? dellapa, JVIM 2024.
* Surgery (42%)
* Trauma (33%)
## Footnote
Approximately 24% of trauma cases were due to boar bites.
139
True or False: Motor function predicts recovery better than sensory function in cases of sciatic nerve injury.
True
## Footnote
This conclusion is based on clinical and electrodiagnostic findings from the study.
140
What are the most common factors associated with discospondylitis in dogs? Hoof, JVIM 2023.
Males, L7-S1, and staph spp
## Footnote
These factors indicate the prevalence of discospondylitis in specific demographics and pathogens.
141
What prior medical treatment is associated with an increased risk of progressive neurological dysfunction in dogs w discospondylitis? Hoof, JVIM 2023.
Prior steroid treatment
## Footnote
Steroid treatment can compromise the neurological condition of dogs with discospondylitis.
142
What percentage of dogs had concurrent osseous and disc-associated spinal cord compression? Bonelli, JVIM 2023.
67%
## Footnote
This indicates a significant overlap in types of structural issues leading to spinal cord compression.
143
What T2-weighted imaging characteristic was significantly associated with clinically evident myelomalacia? Cordle, VRU 2023.
Length of T2-weighted hyperintense SC change & HASTE signal loss were significantly assoc w/ clinically evident MM
## Footnote
This finding can aid in the diagnosis of myelomalacia.
144
What common imaging finding was noted in the venous sinuses/meninges of the myelomalacia group? Cordle, VRU 2023.
Total loss of contrast enhancement
## Footnote
This finding can be an important indicator of the condition in affected dogs.
145
What percentage of ambulatory dogs regained urinary and fecal continence after surgery for intervertebral disc extrusion? Pfund, JSAP 2022
Regained continence: Urinary = 86%, fecal = 90%
## Footnote
This statistic is based on a study of ambulatory dogs with intervertebral disc extrusion causing incontinence.
146
What was the recurrence rate of clinical signs consistent with cervical intervertebral disc extrusion in dogs after surgery vs med mgmt? Argent, JSAP 2022.
Recurrence: surgery = 33%, med = 36%
## Footnote
This rate was compared to a 36% recurrence rate in dogs treated with medication.
147
What percentage of dogs had a recurrence of clinical signs within 2 years after surgery for cervical intervertebral disc extrusion? Argent, JSAP 2022.
80%
## Footnote
This statistic highlights the likelihood of recurrence post-surgery.
148
In dogs weighing less than 15 kg, what is the likelihood of having intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)? Spence, JAVMA 2021.
95%
Dogs < 15kg = more likely to have IVDD (95%) – vs dogs >15kg = 58%
## Footnote
This likelihood is significantly higher compared to dogs over 15 kg.
149
What non- IVDD conditions did dogs over 15 kg have? Spence, JAVMA 2021.
Dogs >15kg = more likely have nonIVH – 1’ neoplasia (12x inc risk) or FCE (7x inc risk)
## Footnote
This refers to the likelihood of non-IVH conditions in heavier dogs.
150
What percentage of French bulldogs experienced late onset recurrence of clinical signs after decompressive surgery? Kerr, JSAP 2021.
51%
## Footnote
This recurrence may occur at the same localization or different sites.
151
What is a key clinical sign associated with lumbosacral intervertebral disk extrusions? Bresciani, VS 2021
acute/subacute onset of LS pain
## Footnote
This may also involve nerve root signature and lateralized extradural material.
152
What procedure is associated with a good clinical outcome for lumbosacral IVDE? Bresciani, VS 2021
Early decompressive dorsal laminectomy
## Footnote
This procedure helps in managing lumbosacral intervertebral disk extrusions.
153
What factor is associated with a less favorable outcome after surgery in paraplegic medium to large breed dogs with extensive epidural hemorrhage? Woefel, VS 2021.
Extensive epidural hemorrhage
## Footnote
These dogs have a worse prognosis compared to plegic dogs with intervertebral disc herniation.
154
What was the recovery rate of ambulation for plegic dogs with extensive epidural hemorrhage 2' to IVDD? Woefel, VS 2021.
Paraplegic medium to large breed dogs w extensive epidural hemorrhage have a less favorable outcome after sx vs plegic dogs w/ IVDH
77% for DPP, 38% for DPN
## Footnote
DPP refers to dogs with disc protrusion while DPN refers to dogs with disc prolapse.
155
What percentage of dogs treated with standard hemilaminectomy survived compared to those treated with extensive hemilaminectomy and durotomy for progressive myelomalacia? Nakamoto, VS 2021.
61% for standard hemilaminectomy, 100% for extensive hemilaminectomy and durotomy
## Footnote
This indicates a significant improvement in survival with the extensive procedure.
156
Woefel, VS 2021. Outcomes and prognostic indicators in 59 paraplegic medium to large breed dogs with extensive epidural
hemorrhage secondary to thoracolumbar disc extrusion
factors associated with outcome? final recc?
Factors assoc w outcome: clinical severity, # of vertebrae w signal interruption on HASTE, ratio of vertebral sites
decompressed to HASTE signal
o Extensive decompression improves outcome
## Footnote
This is particularly relevant for dogs with disc pathologies.
157
What is the relationship between the rate of onset of clinical signs and outcome in dogs with IVDH? Upchurch, VCOT 2020.
The rate of onset of signs does not influence the outcome.
## Footnote
This indicates that both gradual and acute onset may lead to similar prognoses.
158
What was the primary variable associated with outcome in dogs undergoing surgery for IVDH? Upchurch, VCOT 2020.
Preoperative neuro status was the primary variable associated with outcome.
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of assessing neurological status before surgery.
159
What does extended durotomy appear to do for dogs with severe thoracolumbar spinal cord injury after acute disc herniation? Jeffery, VS 2020.
Extended durotomy appears safe and may improve the outcome of dogs with severe thoracolumbar mixed contusion and compressive injuries due to IVDH.
## Footnote
This procedure could be considered in severe cases to enhance recovery.
160
What percentage of dogs with deep pain negative (DPN) regained ambulation after extended durotomy? Jeffery, VS 2020.
62% of DPN dogs regained ambulation.
## Footnote
This statistic underscores the potential effectiveness of the procedure in improving mobility.
161
What type of CSM in German Shepherd Dogs? Bonelli, JAVMA 2019.
Osseous-associated changes + ligamentous component
## Footnote
The ligamentous component includes dorsal ligamenta flava hypertrophy.
162
Which cervical regions are most affected by CSM in German Shepherd Dogs? Bonelli, JAVMA 2019.
C6-C7 >> C5-6 > C4-5
## Footnote
This indicates the severity of involvement in these cervical regions.
163
What are the factors associated with presumptive myelomalacia in dogs after thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation? Balducci, JVIM 2017.
Age (< 5yr), neurological status (grade 5), site of disk herniation (L5-L6), duration of CS (< 24h), detection of T2W hyperintensity, T2 length ratio > 4.57
## Footnote
These factors help in assessing the risk of developing myelomalacia.
164
What is the significance of a T2 length ratio greater than 4.57 in dogs? Balducci, JVIM 2017.
Indicates higher risk for myelomalacia
## Footnote
A T2 length ratio > 4.57 is a critical measurement in diagnosing this condition.
165
Does vertebral fixation affect recovery or recurrence of cervical intervertebral disc herniation in small dogs? Kikuchi, JAVMA 2023.
No difference in postoperative outcome between stabilized and non-stabilized dogs
## Footnote
Good prognosis can be achieved with or without vertebral fixation (VF) in small dogs with cervical intervertebral disc herniation (C-IVDH)
166
What are common computed tomography features of discospondylitis in dogs? gomes, JVIM 2022.
Bilateral endplate erosion and periosteal proliferation
## Footnote
Common features include bilateral endplate involvement, erosion/osteolysis, periosteal proliferation, spondylosis, and vertebral body involvement in ~30% of vertebrae
167
What subtle findings may indicate discospondylitis in dogs? gomes, JVIM 2022.
Abnormal or collapsed intervertebral disc space, sclerosis of adjacent vertebral body/endplate, vacuum effect
## Footnote
These findings are less obvious but can indicate underlying issues
168
What are the most common pre-surgical imaging findings in cases of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis? Inness, VCOT 2021.
Disc protrusion and sclerosis of the caudal end-plate of L7
## Footnote
These findings are critical for diagnosis before surgery
169
What percentage of dogs experienced complications following distraction stabilization surgery for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis? Inness, VCOT 2021.
62%
## Footnote
Complications included implant failure, iliac artery laceration, seroma, and surgical site infections (SSI)
170
What was the angle range for corridors in thoracic vertebrae T5 to T9? Schmitt's 2021
23° to 24°
## Footnote
This range indicates a consistent angle for these specific vertebrae.
