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Semester 2 > MSK Session 4 > Flashcards

MSK Session 4 Flashcards

0
Q

What does a sclerotome give rise to?

A

Vertebrae and ribs

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1
Q

What are the ventral somites called?

A

Sclerotomes

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2
Q

Which somites are found dorsally?

A

Dermamyotomes

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3
Q

What do dermamyotomes give rise to?

A

Dermis and muscle

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4
Q

What does a dermamyotome develop in association with?

A

A specific neural level of the neural tube tissue

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5
Q

What does the neural tube eventually become?

A

Adult spinal cord

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6
Q

Why does the differentiated skin and muscle units from a common dermamyotome have a common source of nervous supply?

A

They take their neural supply with them irrespective of where they end up in the adult

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7
Q

What is the common source of nervous supply to the muscle and skin units of a dermamyotome?

A

Spinal segmental nerve

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8
Q

What are the parts of the spinal cord from head to tail end?

A 
Medulla of brain ends
Nerve cell bodies
Neuronal axons
Conus medullaris
Film terminae
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9
Q

What makes up the grey matter of the spinal cord?

A

Nerve cell bodies

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10
Q

What makes up the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

Neuronal axons

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11
Q

How does the length of the spinal cord vary during growth?

A

In the baby it effectively extends its whole length

In the adult it is shorter than the vertebral column

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12
Q

What is a vertebral segment?

A

A single vertebra

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13
Q

How many vertebral segments are there in the spinal column?

A

33

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14
Q

What do the vertebral foramen form?

A

Spinal canal

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15
Q

What can be seen when looking at the spinal column from the side?

A

Inter-vertebral foramen

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16
Q

Describe the path of the spinal cord in the spinal column.

A

Runs through vertebral foramina

Gives off a pair of nerves at each vertebral level (L+R)

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17
Q

Where do the left and right spinal segmental nerves exit the vertebral column?

A

Intervertebral foramina

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18
Q

Where do spinal nerves emerge in the cervical cord?

A

Superior to their corresponding vertebral level

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19
Q

Which area of the body does the bulge in the cervical spinal cord provide innervation for?

A

UL

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20
Q

Why is there a bulge in the lumbar spinal cord?

A

To provide innervation to the LL

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21
Q

Along which axis does the distribution of sensory and motor neurones in the spinal cord vary?

A

Rostro-caudal

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22
Q

What can be seen in cross section of the spinal cord?

A

Specialisations that match the 4 vertebral regions

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23
Q

Where do spinal nerves emerge in the non-cervical spinal cord?

A

Inferior to their corresponding vertebral levels

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24
What is a vertebral level?
Level of vertebra itself
25
How are the intervertebral foramina arranged in relation to the spinal cord?
Heavily offset
26
What is a fundamental feature of the design of the CNS?
Segmented throughout its extent
27
What does each segment of nervous tissue have?
Independence of connection to the periphery
28
What does each neural level have?
R + L sides
29
What are discrete territories of skin innervated by?
Sensory nerves
30
What do motor nerves innervate?
Myotomal territories
31
What is the function of the dorsal root of a segmented nerve?
Sensory/afferent
32
What is the function of a ventral root of a segmental nerve?
Motor and autonomic/efferent
33
Where can the spinal segmental nerves become strangulated?
Where they exit the vertebral column
34
What is a spinal segmental nerve?
One of the L or R branches given off at a vertebral level by the spinal cord
35
What is known as a mixed spinal nerve?
A vertebral level and a neuronal spinal level
36
What does a neurovascular bundle consist of?
Mixed spinal nerve Equivalent segmental spinal nerves Veins
37
What is a ramus?
A branch containing all functional modalities for that segmental level
38
What happens to the missed spinal nerve when it emerges from the vertebral column?
Branches into large and small
39
What does the large branch of a mixed spinal nerve do?
Supply posture muscles and some cutaneous supply
40
What can be said about the level of emergence in comparison to the site of innervation by the anterior/ventral ramus of a mixed spinal nerve?
Stay at approximately the same level
41
What happens to the small/posterior/dorsal ramus of a mixed spinal nerve?
Divides into medial and lateral branches to give one sensory and one non-sensory branch
42
Where does the nerve supply to the UL originate?
Mostly cervical spinal segments C5-T1 | Rest from T2 roots
43
Which spinal nerves form the brachial plexus?
``` C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 ```
44
What are the roots of the brachial plexus?
Neural level - anterior rami of C5-T1
45
What are the nerve roots of the three trunks in the brachial plexus?
``` Upper = C5 + C6 Middle = C7 Lower = C8 + T1 ```
46
What are the divisions of the brachial plexus?
Anterior and posterior which supply respective compartments
47
What are the three cords of the brachial plexus?
Medial Lateral Posterior
48
Which nerves other than the brachial plexus supply the UL?
``` Lateral pectoral Upper and lower subscapular Dorsal scapular Suprascapular Long thoracic Axillary ```
49
Which spinal segments provide nerve supply to the lower limb?
L1-S4
50
Where does the nerve supply to the lower limb originate from?
Lumbar plexus: L1-L4 | Sacral plexus: L4-S4
51
Where does the lumbar plexus form?
Behind psoas minor muscle
52
Which nerves does the medial emergence of the lumbar plexus give rise to?
Obturator | Lumbosacral trunk
53
Which nerves does the lateral emergence of the lumbar plexus give rise to?
Femoral Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
54
Why does the sacral plexus have an anterior/posterior emergence?
Due to vertebral fusion
55
Where does the sacral plexus form?
W/in pelvic cavity
56
Where does the sacral plexus lie in relation to?
Piriformis
57
Which regions does the sacral plexus supply?
Pelvic Gluteal Perineal LL
58
Via which nerve does the sacral plexus provide its innervation?
Sciatic
59
What spinal outflow gives rise to the sacral plexus?
1/2 L4 L5 Sacral spinal segmental
60
What division of the spinal cord gives innervation to dermatomes?
Sensory (inflow) division of the somatic branch
61
What allows the disruption of nervous supply to be accurately pinpointed?
Organised examination of the integrity and sensory function of the skin
62
What is a Dermatome?
Area of skin supplied by sensory nerve fibres from a single neural level
63
What does 1 spinal nerve root supply?
1 Dermatome
64
Why is there no C1 dermatome level?
There is no cutaneous innervation
65
Why are some sections of the skin served by 2 successive spinal nerves?
Due to overlap b/w adjacent dermatomes
66
What is the innervation to a typical dermatome sandwiched by 2 others?
Served by 3 successive sensory nerves
67
What does dermatomal overlap reduce the probability of?
Patches of skin being left w/out natural sensory neural supply
68
What can be said to mark the boundaries between the flexor and extensor compartments?
Anterior and posterior to pre and post axial borders
69
What is the axial line?
Line of junction between two of the dermatomes that appear to be missing from the trunk
70
Which dermatomes appear to be missing from the trunk?
C4-8
71
Why do C4-8 dermatomes appear to be missing from the trunk?
Skin enveloping UL is taken from the trunk and lies out along the limb
72
What marks the boundaries between the flexor and extensor compartments in the upper and lower limb?
``` UL = cephalic and basilic veins LL = great and small saphenous veins ```
73
Describe the dermatome locations on the UL.
``` C4 = shoulder tip C5 = radial side of upper arm C6 = radial side of forearm C7 = skin of the hand C8 = ulnar side of forearm T1 = ulnar side of upper arm T2 = skin of the axilla ```
74
Describe the sensory supply of the LL.
Front limb = lumbar segments Back limb = sacral segments Saddle area = sacral segments Perineal area = sacral segments
75
What do sensory divisions of terminal nerves of the brachial plexus supply?
Skin in nerve territories
76
What supplies the skin in the LL in territorial domains?
Sensory divisions of terminal nerves of the lumbar plexus
77
What is the sensory innervation of the hand usually considered in?
Nerve territories
78
What three groups can the muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm be organised into physiologically?
Muscles that extend and adduct/abduct hand at wrist joint Muscles that extend medial 4 fingers Muscles that extend/abduct the thumb
79
What are the muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior forearm?
``` Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris ```
80
What is the general function of muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Extension
81
What is the main action of brachioradialis?
Weak flexion which is maximum when forearm is mid-pronator
82
What innervates all muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Radial nerve and its branches
83
What is the main action of ECRL?
Extend and abduct hand at wrist
84
What is the main action of ECRB?
Extend and abduct hand at wrist
85
What is the main action of extensor digitorum?
Extends medial 4 digits primarily at metacarpopharyngeal joints and secondarily at interphalangeal joints
86
What is the main action of EDM?
Extend 5th digit primarily at metacarpophalangeal joint and secondarily at interphalangeal joint
87
What is the main action of extensor carpi ulnaris?
Extend and adduct hand at wrist
88
Which are the muscles of the deep layer of the posterior forearm?
Supinator | Extensor indicis
89
What is the main action of supinator?
Supinates forearm - rotates radius to turn palm
90
What is the main action of extensor indicis?
Extend 2nd digit | Extend hand at wrist
91
Which are the outcropping muscles of the deep layer of the posterior forearm?
Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis
92
What is the main action of APL?
Abducts thumb | Extends thumb at carpometacarpal joint
93
What is the main action of EPL?
Extend distal phalanx of thumb at interphalangeal joint | Extend metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joints
94
What is the main action of EPB?
Extend proximal phalanx of thumb at metacarpophalangeal joint Extend carpometacarpal joint

Semester 2 (45 decks)

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