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Body Logistics (Milly's) > Muscles + Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Muscles + Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

In skeletal muscle, What does epimysium surround?

A

Muscles

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2
Q

What are extrinsic muscles?

A

Muscles that are attached to bone/cartilage

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3
Q

In skeletal muscle, What is a fascicle?

A

A group of muscle fibres

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4
Q

What are the 3 muscle types?

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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6
Q

In skeletal muscle, What is the endomysium made of?

A

Connective tissue

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7
Q

In skeletal muscle, What does the endomysium surround?

A

Muscle fibres

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8
Q

What are intrinsic muscles?

A

Muscles that aren’t attached to bone or cartilage, instead attached to something else (ie other muscles)

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9
Q

In skeletal muscle, What surrounds a fascicle?

A

Perimysium

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10
Q

In skeletal muscle, what is a muscle fibre surrounded by?

A

Endomysium

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10
Q

In skeletal muscle, What do you call a group of muscle fibres?

A

Fascicle

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10
Q

In skeletal muscle, What is perimysium?

A

Connective tissue carrying nerves and blood

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle? (What are their sizes?)

A

Red (narrow), intermediate and white (wide)

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13
Q

What are the bands within skeletal muscle?

A

M band
H band
A band

(Remember: My Hands are Amazing)

Z band
I band

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14
Q

In skeletal muscle, What does perimysium surround?

A

Fascicles

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15
Q

In skeletal muscle, What do many fascicles make up?

A

Muscle

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16
Q

What does calcium bind to in skeletal muscles?

A

Troponin

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17
Q

In skeletal muscle, What surrounds a muscle?

A

Epimysium

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18
Q

What are the thick filaments in skeletal muscle called?

A

Myosin

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19
Q

What are the thin filaments in skeletal muscle called?

A

Actin

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20
Q

What are the cells like that make up skeletal muscle fibres?

A

Multinucleated peripheral cells

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21
Q

What is atrophy?

A

The wasting of muscles, when destruction>replacement

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22
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

The growth of muscles, destruction

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of atrophy? Give brief descriptions of the types

A

Disuse- due to prolonged bedrest/sedentary lifestyle, loss of protein occurs
Muscle- occurs naturally with age (affects temp regulation)
Denervation- when neurones are severed meaning muscles stop working

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24
Q

What happens to the muscle during hypertrophy?

A

The muscle fibres increase in diameter

Metabolic changes occur: more enzyme activity for glycolysis, More mitochondria, more stored glycogen, more blood flow

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25
What increases in number when you stretch your muscles?
Sarcomeres
26
What decreases in number when you immobilise a muscle
Sarcomeres
27
What does having more sarcomeres mean?
Long muscles
28
What does have few sarcomeres mean?
Reduced muscle length
29
What system do NPs act to counter?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
30
What does Ca2+ binding in skeletal muscle cause and how?
Ca2+ binds to troponin which causes tropomyosin to move, allowing the myosin filaments to attach to the actin filaments creating cross bridges and causing a contraction
30
What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
ATP binds to myosin head Hydrolysed to give ADP+Pi This causes myosin head to form a cross bridge with the actin filament Power stroke triggered, ADP and Pi are released during the power stroke Myosin head remains attached to actin filament though Only released when a new molecule of ATP binds to myosin It is the hydrolyses of this ATP that would result in another power stroke
31
When would troponin be released?
If muscle is ischaemic
32
What could you do to assess the level of ischaemia within a body?
Troponin assay
33
Where do you find Creatine Kinase (CK)?
In metabolically active tissues
34
What can CK be used to indicate?
``` Myocardial infarctions (and size of) General skeletal muscle/brain tissue damage ```
35
What two types of muscle types are striated?
skeletal and cardiac
36
How many nuclei do cardiac muscle cells have? Where are they located?
Single (mostly) | In the centre
37
How many nuclei do skeletal muscle fibres have? Where are they located?
Multinucleated | Peripheral
38
How many nuclei do smooth muscle fibres have? Where are they located?
Single | Central
39
What are the defining features of cardiac muscle?
Intercalated discs (which effectively replace the intercalated discs) Branching No myofibrils (things that make up muscle fibre) Diad
41
What part of the troponin does Ca2+ bind to?
TnC subunit
42
What does hyperplasia mean in terms of muscles?
There is a multiplication in the number of cells
43
What are released when there is atrial/ventricular distension?
Natriuretic peptides
44
When are natriuretic peptides released?
When there is atrial/ventricular distension
45
What do Natriuretic peptides do?
Reduce arterial BP by reducing blood volume and systemic vascular resistance Done by the kidneys allowing the loss of more water and Na+
46
What does the tunica intima consist off?
Endothelium Subendothelial Lamina propria
47
In what cells are ANPs made, stored and released by?
Atrial myocytes
48
Where is BNP synthesised?
Brain and ventricles
49
What are the 2 main types of BNP?
BNP (32 aa's long) and NT-pro-BNP (76 aa's long) *NT=n terminal*
50
What are purkinje fibres?
Specialised myocardial cells, that conduct/transmit action potentials from AVN to ventricles
51
What makes purkinje fibres different from normal myocardiac cells? (4)
Bigger More glycogen Sparse filaments Extensive gap junction (allow fast conduction)
53
What are the 2 types of natriuretic peptides?
Atrial Natriuretic peptides (ANP) | Brain-type Natriuretic peptides (BNP)
54
What are the defining features of smooth muscle? (3)
Non-striated, No sarcomeres, No tubules
55
Despite being neither striated nor having sarcomeres, what do smooth muscles still have?
Actin-myosin interactions
56
How do smooth muscle contractions differ from that of skeletal or cardiac muscle contractions?
Slower, More sustainable Require less ATP
57
What does smooth muscle form?
Sheets/bundles/layers
58
What are two specialised smooth muscle cells?
Myoepithelial cells and myofibroblasts
59
What do myoepithelial cells do?
Form basket Work around exocrine glands and contract to assist with secretion (ie moving milk, saliva, sweat into ducts).
60
What do myofibroblasts do?
Present at wound healing sites, produce collagenous matrix and can contact to close wound
61
How are the myosin and action filaments arranged in a smooth muscle cell?
Diagonally so cell contracts in a twisting way
62
What are the regeneration capabilities of all 3 muscle types?
Skeletal- little regeneration (mitotic activity of satellite cells) Cardiac- no regeneration (fibroblast lay down scar tissue) Smooth- good regeneration (cells retain mitotic activity)
63
What does the Frank-Starling curve show?
The larger the volume entering the ventricles, the greater the force of contraction
64
What is the stroke volume?
Volume of blood ejected by the L. Ventricle in a single contraction
65
What is the ventricular end diastolic volume?
Vol of blood in ventricle just before a contraction
66
What does the Frank starling curve illustrate about sarcomere length?
That if the sarcomeres are stretched to wide (due to too large a ventricular end diastole volume) then stroke volume decreases because contractions cant occur
67
What is the name of the valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve
68
What gets thicker as veins get larger?
The tunica intima
69
What is the name of the valve that separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery?
Pulmonary valve (semilunar)
70
What is the name of the valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?
Mitral valve
71
What is the name of the valve that separates the left ventricle from the aorta?
Aortic valve (semilunar)
72
What are symptoms of left heart failure? (3)
Tachycardia, fatigue, pulmonary congestion
73
What are the symptoms of right heart failure? (2)
Ascites, dependent oedema
74
How can someone with left heart failure get pulmonary oedema?
Backing up of blood, increases hydrostatic pressure, fluid moves out of blood into alveoli
75
What can be measured in blood/urine that might result from dead muscle in the leg? (3)
CK levels Protein levels (proteins only found in muscles may be circulating) pH levels- if lactate is released
76
What is the distribution of blood around the heart + lungs, arteries, veins and capillaries? (Give in order of most blood to least blood)
Veins (65%) Heart+lungs (20%) Arteries (10%) Capillaries (5%)
77
Where is smooth muscle located on metarterioles?
The point at which capillaries branch off (function as sphincters)
78
What does the tunica media consist of?
Smooth muscles
79
What is an end artery?
Terminal artery supplying all or most of the blood to a body part, without significant collateral circulation
80
Name functional end arteries (4)
Coronary Splenic Cerebral Renal
81
Why are post capillary venules more permeable to water than capillaries?
To encourage fluid reuptake
82
Name absolute end arteries (1)
Central retina supplying artery
83
List in order the 10 vessels/organs that the blood travels through
``` Heart Large arteries Medium arteries Arterioles Metarterioles Capillaries Post capillary venules Venules Medium veins Large veins ```
84
What is the path that electrical signals in the heart take?
SAN, AVN, Bundle of His, bundle branches, purkinje fibres
85
What is capacitance?
The ability of a vessel to hold large amounts of blood without increasing the blood pressure (Veins are capacitance vessels because they have thin non-elastic walls)
86
Name the 3 arteries that stem from the arch of aorta
Common carotid Subclavian Brachiocephalic trunk (which separates into the other arteries)
86
What are the layers of the arteries?
``` Tunica intima (endothelial) Tunica media (smooth muscles cells and elastic tissue) Tunica externa (connective tissue) ```
87
What is an aneurysm?
Excessive localised enlargement of an artery (caused by weakness in the arterial wall)
89
What is the basic structure of veins?
Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica externa
90
What does the tunica externa consist of?
Connective tissue
90
What are pericytes?
Cells that form branching networks around capillaries and can differentiate into muscle cells or fibroblasts

Body Logistics (Milly's) (9 decks)

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