Muscular System Flashcards
1
Q
Examples of Movement of the Body.
A
Walking, Running, etc.
2
Q
When your skeletal muscles contract it stabilizes your joint and helps maintain?
A
Body position
3
Q
Every time the muscles contract they generate?
A
Heat
4
Q
This generation of heat is called?
A
Thermogenesis
5
Q
Muscles move according to the stimulus that is produced by the action potential. What function is this?
A
Communication
6
Q
The stimulus/impulses are given by?
A
Nerve ending cells
7
Q
The storage capacity or capability of your muscles is sustained or accomplished according to the movement or substantial movement of your?
A
sphincters
8
Q
Sphincters are?
A
Our ring like bonds of smooth muscles.
9
Q
When sphincters contract it prevents the outflow of contents from?
A
hollow organs (involuntary)
10
Q
Cell Shape of Cardiac Muscle Tissue.
A
Cylindrical and branched
11
Q
Nucleus of Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle.
A
Single, centrally located
12
Q
Cardiac Muscle is generally?
A
Striated, Involuntary muscle
13
Q
Cell Shape of Smooth Muscle.
A
spindle-shaped
14
Q
Smooth muscle is generally?
A
Nonstriated, Involuntary muscle
15
Q
Location of Cardiac Muscle
A
Heart
16
Q
Location of Smooth Muscle
A
Hollow organ such as skin, stomach, urinary bladder, or blood vessels
17
Q
Cell shape of Skeletal Muscle
A
Very long, cylindrical and unbranched
18
Q
Nucleus of Skeletal Muscle
A
Multiple, peripherally located
19
Q
Skeletal Muscle is generally?
A
Appears markedly striated, Voluntary muscle
20
Q
Location of Skeletal Muscle
A
Most muscles that are attached to bones or tendons.
21
Q
This cell can be only found in Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle.
A
Specialized Cells:
Cardiac Muscle - Intercalated Disc/Disk
Smooth Muscle - Gap Junctions
22
Q
Function of Specialized Cells
A
They Join cells to one another.
23
Q
The ability to generate tension to do work.
A
Contractility
24
Q
In contractility, the presence of ____________ is always there. It is the gravity pulling on the limb and pressure of fluid in a hollow organ.
A
oppose contraction
25
The property of responding to stimuli.
Excitability
26
Stimuli are the electrical signals that we call _____________.
action potential or impulses.
27
The ability to extend
To extend within limits without damage.
Extensibility
28
The ability to return to original shape after contraction/extension.
Elasticity
29
This is a cell. It is long because if it is a muscle cell it needs the whole part of it to be able to move. The cells of your skeletal muscle
Muscle Fiber
30
Muscle Fiber is also known as?
myocytes or skeletal muscle cells.
31
This covers each muscle fiber (inner layer). Made of reticular fibers.
Endomysium
32
Group of your muscle fibers consisting of 10 to 100 muscle fibers. Bundles of muscle fibers.
Fascicles
33
This covers the fascicles. Has dense regular connective tissue.
Permiysium
34
This covers the entire skeletal muscle, has dense regular connective tissue.
Epimysium
35
Connected to Epimysium. Also known as bondage. Consists of dense regular connective tissue. It’s the one covering or holding muscles with similar functions.
Fascia
36
Fascia allows?
pre-movement of our skeletal muscle
37
What are integrated in the fascia?
nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
38
What are the two parts of Fascia?
Deepfascia - lies between your muscles
Superficial Fascia - hypodermis, resides between your skin
39
Specialized Plasma membrane surrounding each fiber. Outer membrane of your long cylindrical skeletal muscle fiber. It is where resting potential or electrical charge resides.
Sarcolemma
40
What happens when your brain would send a stimulus or action potential in order to do this type of action?
Sarcolemma would reverse the electrical charge. It will let the stimuli from the brain to maneuver the muscle. That’s why even resting it still has electricity.
41
Your muscles have an electrical charge even if it is ___________ because of your sarcolemma.
resting
42
Sarcoplasm has glycogen and myoglobin for?
It has glycogen, a storage form of glucose (food). Presence of myoglobin, a red colored protein which functions for oxygen diffusion of muscles.
42
This is the cytoplasm of Skeletal Muscle Fiber.
Sarcoplasm
43
Extend Across the sarcoplasm. In the middle of myofibrils.
Traverse (T) Tubules
44
Traverse (T) Tubules is filled with?
interstitial fluid
45
Traverse (T) Tubules' function?
Allow electrical impulse to travel deep into the cell.
46
Traverse (T) Tubules is the reason why each of the muscle is aware?
What type of movement you are gonna do.
47
Surround each myofibrils.
The smooth ER of muscle.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
48
What happens if Sarcoplasmic Reticulum is relax and if there is stimuli?
If relax then it stores calcium.
If stimuli then it would release calcium ions.
49
Contractile organelles of skeletal muscle. Basically the contents of sarcoplasm.
Myofibrils
50
Myofibril is capable of? and is reason of?
Capable of store glycogen
Reason of striations
51
These proteins of myofibril are the actin and myosin (generate force to produce contactration)
Contractile proteins
52
These proteins of myofibril are troponin and tropomyosin (switches the contraction process on and off)
Regulatory proteins
53
These proteins of myofibril are titin, a-actin, myomesin, nebulin, and dystrophin (keep thick and thin filaments in proper alignment; give myofibril electricity and extensibility; linking the myofibril to the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix)
Structural proteins
54
This structural protein connects your z-disc to the m-line of sarcomere and stabilizes your thick filament.
Titin
55
The structural protein of z-disc that attaches to actin molecules of thin filament and titin molecules.
A-actin
56
This structural protein forms your m-line of your sarcomere.
Myomesin
57
This structural protein anchors thin filaments to z-disc and regulates length of thin filaments derived development.
Nebulin
58
This structural protein links your thin filaments of sarcomere to integral membranes proteins in sarcolemma.
Dystrophy
59
Basic functional unit of myofibril. Reason why our skeletal muscles contract.
Sarcomere
60
Components of Sarcomere
Z discs, A band, I band, H zone, and M line
61
A narrow plated sheet region of dense material which separates one sarcomere from another.
Z discs
62
It has thick filaments but not thin filaments.
H zone
63
It is the middle of your sarcomere, located within your H zone.
M line
64
Darker, because it is where the extension of thick filaments.
A band
65
Lighter because no presence of filaments.
I band
66
These are contractile proteins consist of thick filament myosin and thin filament actin proteins. The key molecular regulators of the contraction.
Myofilaments
67
It is like a golf club because of a globular head and shaft like tail.
Thick Myofilaments
68
motor protein in all three types of muscle tissues
Myosin
69
It looks like a string of beads, like a bracelet.
Thin Myofilaments
70
Action:
What are the Regulatory proteins?
Troponin and Tropomyosin
71
Skeletal muscle may attach to a bone in one of 2 ways:
Direct and Indirect Attachment
72
Your muscle fibers emerge with the periosteum of the bone. Muscle to bone.
Direct Attachment
73
This is outer layer of the bone.
Periosteum
74
Epimysium extends past the muscle as a tendon. This tendon merge with periosteum of the bone. Muscle has tendon and that's the one attached to the bone not the muscle itself.
Indirect Attachment
75
Ropelike in shape
Tendons
76
Wide and flat (broad tendon)
Muscle to Muscle attachment
Aponeurosis
77
Remember one muscle contract the other?
relaxes
78
Attachment to a stationary bone. Where muscles are usually attached.
Origin
79
Attachment to a movable bone
Insertion
80
Thick midsection of the muscle.
Belly
81
Muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement
Prime mover
82
Muscles that assist
Synergists
83
As your Brachialis contracts there is a synergist muscle which is the ____________ while your triceps relaxes.
biceps brachii
84
Muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover. When primover contracts then antagonists relax and vice versa.
This is to prevent joint injury. By moderating the speed or range of your movement
Antagonists
85
Tension in the muscles remains the same (constant). The muscle shortens
Isotonic Contractions
86
As muscle shortens, it generates enough force to move an object (shorten = force).
Concentric Isotonic
87
Length of a muscle increase during a contraction
Eccentric Isotonic
88
Tension in the muscle increases
The muscle does not shorten
Isometric Contractions
89
What basic body movement is this?
Decrease in the angle between articulating bones.
Flexion
90
What basic body movement is this?
Increase in the angle between articulating bones.
Extension
91
What basic body movement is this?
Extension beyond anatomical position.
Hyperextension
92
What basic body movement is this?
Your bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.
Rotation
93
What basic body movement is this?
Away from midline
Abduction
94
What basic body movement is this?
Towards the midline
Adduction
95
What basic body movement is this?
Movement of distal end of a body part in a circle.
Circumduction
96
What special body movement is this?
Superior
Elevation
97
What special body movement is this?
Inferior
Depression
98
What special body movement is this?
Anterior
Protaction
99
What special body movement is this?
Posterior
Retraction
100
What special body movement is this?
Movement of sole in medial
Inversion
101
What special body movement is this?
Movement of sole in distal
Eversion
102
What special body movement is this?
Bending of foot in the direction of dorsum
Dorsiflexion
103
What special body movement is this? Bending of foot in the direction of plantar flexion.
Plantar flexion
104
What special body movement is this?
Movement of your forearm, anteriorly to the palm
Supination
105
What special body movement is this?Movement of your forearm, posteriorly to the palm
Pronation
106
What special body movement is this? Movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on the same hand
Opposition
107
What is the name of muscle for a direction that is straight?
Rectus
108
What does Transversus mean?
Across
108
What is the name of muscle for a direction that is Diagonal?
Oblique
109
What is the name of muscle for a size that is the largest?
Maximus
110
What is the name of muscle for a size that is the smallest?
Minimus
111
What does Major mean?
Large
112
What does Minor mean?
Small
113
What does Longus mean?
Longest
114
What is the name of muscle for a size that is the Shortest?
Brevis
115
What is the name of muscle when the location in the chest?
Pectoralis
116
What does Brachio mean?
Upper Arm
117
What is the name of muscle when the location in the Radius?
Radialis
118
What does Gluteus mean?
Buttock
119
What is the name of muscle when the location in the Femur?
Femoris
120
Give all the number of origins.
Biceps - 2 Origins
Triceps - 3 Origins
Quadriceps - 4 Origins
121
What is the name of muscle when its shape is Triangular?
Deltoid
122
What does Rhomboid mean?
Diamond-shaped
123
What is the name of muscle when its shape is Saw-toothed?
Serratus
124
What does Trapezius mean?
Trapezoidal
125
What is the name of muscle when the action it does is Adducts?
Adductor
126
What does Abductor mean?
Abducts
127
What is the name of muscle when the action it does is Flexes?
Flexor
128
What does Extensor mean?
Extends
129
What is the name of muscle when the action it does is Elevates?
Levator
130
Responsible for raising of eyebrows when glancing upward or getting surprised.
Frontalis
131
Sphincter muscle that closes the eye when blinking.
Orbicularis Oculi
132
What does Oculi mean?
eye
133
What does Zygomaticus do?
Draws mouth upward.
AKA laughing muscle.
134
What does Orbicularis Oris do?
Closes the mouth and purses the lips.
AKA kissing muscle.
135
What does Oris mean?
mouth
136
- Retracts the angle of mouth.
- Assists in smiling and blowing (trumpets, whistle).
- AKA whistling muscle.
Buccinator
137
- Flexes or decreases the angle of the head when we are looking downward.
- Capable of rotating the head to the opposite side.
Sternocleidomastoid
138
Sternocleidomastoid is also known as?
Praying muscle
139
What does Trapezius do?
Extends the head when we are looking upward.
140
What is the difference between Temporalis and Masseter?
Temporalis - Elevates and retracts the mandible.
Masseter -Elevates and protracts the mandible.
141
- Depress the tongue.
- Protrudes the tongue (bleh).
Genioglossus
142
What does Hyoglossus and Styloglossus do?
- Depress the tongue.
- Retract and move the tongue posteriorly.
143
Elevates posterior tongue
Palatoglossus
144
- Smallest muscle in the body.
- Located in the middle ear.
Stapedius Muscle
145
What does External Intercostals do?
- Lies superficially between the ribs.
- Responsible for the elevation of the ribs during inspiration (inhalation).
146
- Lies deeper than the external intercostals.
- Depress the ribs during forced exhalation.
Internal Intercostals
147
Enlarges the thorax to trigger inspiration.
Diaphragm
148
Muscles forming in the Abdominal Wall are?
- Layered
- Solely protected by muscles because there is no bones present.
149
- Compress the abdominal organs.
- Aids in forceful expiration, vomiting, and defecation.
- Allows the flexion of the vertebral column.
External Oblique
150
What is the difference between External Oblique and Rectus Abdominis?
External Oblique - Allows the trunk to be bent laterally.
Rectus Abdominis - Allows the trunk to be bent forward.
151
Flexes lumbar region (balakang).
Rectus Abdominis
152
What does Transversus Abdominis do?
Compress the contents of the abdomen.
153
What does Internal Oblique do?
- Stabilizes the spine and maintains posture.
- Permits the rotation of the waist (hula hoop).
154
Muscle to muscle, flat broad tendon.
Aponeurosis
155
Aponeurosis of the muscles forming the abdominal wall meet in the _________ where they form a tough bond of connective tissues.
midline
156
- White line.
- Tough bond of aponeurosis.
Linea Alba
157
- Triangular shape.
- Capable to abduct, flex, and rotate the arm.
Deltoid
158
Deltoid is cable of?
swinging the arm during walking, running, bowling.
159
Deltoid is writing on?
an elevated surface.
160
- Chest
- Flexes and adducts the upper arm during climbing or hugging.
Pectoralis Major
161
What does Serratus Anterior do? And where is it?
- Under the breast or chest area.
- Drives all forward reaching, pushing movements or pulls the shoulder down.
162
- Flexes and adducts.
- Similar to pectoralis major but this can be seen in the posterior part of the upper arm.
Trapezius
163
Functions of Trapezius.
- Able to stabilize the scapula (bumukol na buto sa likod; paniki).
- Raise and lower the shoulders.
164
- Adduct the humerus.
- AKA swimmer’s muscle.
Latissimus Dorsi
165
Latissimus Dorsi functions
- Extends the upper arm backward during rowing or swimming, grasping an object over head.
- Can pull the body upward (pull-ups, monkey bar).
166
Tendons of four muscles attached to the scapula.
Rotator Cuff
167
Rotator Cuff:
assists the deltoid in abducting at the shoulder joint.
Supraspinatus
168
Rotator Cuff:
laterally rotates arm at shoulder joint.
Infraspinatus
169
Rotator Cuff:
located under.
Subscapularis
170
Rotator Cuff:
laterally rotates and extends arm at shoulder joint.
Teres Minor
171
What is the difference Brachialis and Triceps Brachii
Brachialis - Prime mover when flexing the forearm.
Triceps Brachii - Prime mover when extending the forearm
172
What is the Antagonist of brachialis.
Triceps Brachii
173
Synergist or assist the brachialis when flexing the forearm.
Biceps Brachii
174
Functions of Biceps Brachii.
- Capable of flexing the elbow and supinating the forearm.
- When opening a bottle using corkscrew.
175
Synergist or helps the brachialis and biceps brachii in flexing the forearm.
Brachioradialis
176
- Posterior palms.
- Movement of the forearm.
Pronator Muscles
177
- Anterior palms.
- Movement of the forearm.
Supinator
178
Both muscles flex the thigh opposing gluteus maximus.
Iliopsoas: Iliacus and Psoas Major
179
- Longest muscle in the body.
- AKA tailor’s muscle.
Sartorius
180
Function of Sartorius
- Aids in flexion of hip and knee when we sit.
- Aids in abduction and laterally rotates the thigh (cross legs when sitting).
181
All rotate and draw the thigh in towards the body.
Adductor Muscles
182
Adductor Muscles:
Malaki
Adductor Magnus
183
Adductor Muscles:
Short
Adductor Brevis
184
Adductor Muscles:
Mahaba
Adductor Longus
185
Adductor Muscles:
Help the hamstring muscles flex the knee.
Gracilis
186
- Group of muscles which has the most powerful muscle in the body.
- Muscles responsible for the prime mover for knee extension.
Quadriceps Femoris
187
All muscles flex the thigh at the?
hip joint
188
All vastus muscles work together excluding?
the rectus femoris
189
What are the Quadriceps Femoris?
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Intermedius
190
Abducts and rotates thigh outward.
Gluteus Medius
191
Gluteus Medius is the site for intramuscular injections under what conditions?
The injection happens in gluteus medius if the Injection of greater than 2 to 3 ml. But it happens in deltoid muscle if the injection of less than 2 to 3 ml.
192
Bulkiest muscle in the body.
Gluteus Maximus
193
Lies beneath the other gluteal muscles.
Gluteus Minimus
194
- All muscles extend the thigh, flex the knee, and rotate the legs.
- Can easily feel the tendons of these muscles.
Hamstrings
195
What are the Hamstrings?
Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
196
What is Gastrocnemius?
More superficial muscle in comparison with soleus.
197
Deeper muscle in comparison with gastrocnemius.
Soleus
198
What does Gastrocnemius and Soleus do?
Both work for plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint.
199
Primary dorsiflexor of the ankle.
Tibialis Anterior
200
Extends the toes and turns the foot outward (eversion).
Extensor Digitorum Longus
201
- Responsible for dorsiflexion.
- Move the foot in the direction of the dorsum (superior part of foot).
Tibialis Anterior and Extensor Digitorum Longus
202
- Located at the back of the ankle.
- Strongest tendon.
Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon
203
Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon is a common tendon of?
gastrocnemius and soleus
204
Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon inserts on the?
Calcaneus
205
What is Calcaneus?
heel bone
206
- Group of permanent motor disorder that causes movement of disabilities.
- Impairment or loss of motor function as a result of brain damage.
- Damage affects muscle control, body movement, muscle coordination, reflexes, tone and balance.
Cerebral Palsy
207
Cerebral Palsy was believed that this disease can be developed when the person is still a 1._______. However, there are instances that this disease is being developed when a person reaches 2.________.
1. fetus
2. adulthood
208
- Unilateral paralysis of the muscles of facial expression.
- Facial paralysis.
Bell's Palsy
209
Possible Causes of Bell's Palsy.
- Inflammation of facial nerves due to infection.
- Damage of facial nerve due to tear surgeries.
- Viral infection caused by Herpes simplex virus.
210
Bell's Palsy is due to the damage of the?
facial (VII) nerve
211
______ of patients recover completely within a few weeks/months depending on the compliance of their medication.
80%
212
- Group of inherited muscle destroying muscles which causes progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers.
- Group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass.
Muscular Dystrophy
213
Most common form of Muscular Dystrophy.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
214
In Muscular Dystrophy, the gene that codes for the protein dystrophin is?
mutated
215
structural muscle, if mutated: every contraction, sarcolemma tears down.
Dystrophin
216
Once sarcolemma is ___________, muscle fiber dies (degeneration).
teared down
217
Disorder is usually experienced by __ to __ years old.
2 to 5
218
Male patients who have this disease turn 12 years old, they are not capable of?
walking
219
By the age of 20 (average), there is a presence of ______________________ as the heart is not capable of pumping blood.
respiratory or cardiac failure
220
a sudden involuntary contraction of a single muscle in a large group of muscles.
Spasm
221
a painful spasmodic contraction.
Cramp
222
Causes of Cramp.
1. dehydration during swimming
2. inadequate blood flow
3. muscle strain: holding a position for a prolonged period of time.
223
a spasmodic twitching made involuntarily by muscles that are ordinarily under voluntary control.
Tic
224
Example Tic
twitching of eyelids
