Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Z Old Anatomy > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of Muscle Tissue

A
  • Movement
  • Postural Maintenance
  • Joint Stabilization
  • Heat Generation
  • Support Organs
  • Guard Orifices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Functional Properties of Muscle

A

Contractility - cells shorten, generating pulling force

Excitability - nerve impulses stimulate contraction

Extensibility - can be stretched back to original length by opposing muscle

Elasticity - can recoil after stretching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Muscle Fibers

A
  • single cells of skeletal and smooth muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cardiac Muscle Fiber

A

long row of joined cardiac muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

myofilaments

A

proteinaceous filaments that make up muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of striated muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A
  • smooth ER of muscle cell
  • stores and pumps calcium ions for excitation of muscle fiber in terminal cisternae
  • meshwork around each myofibril
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

myocardium

A

thick layer of cardiac muscle tissue in heart wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

intercalated discs

A

microscopic identifying features of cardiac muscle, they are the junctions between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Longitudinal Layer of Smooth Muscle

A

runs parallel to organs long axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Circular Layer of Smooth Muscle

A

runs perpendicular to long axis of organ (around circumference)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Six Locations of Smooth Muscle

A
  • walls of circulatory vessels
  • respiratory tubes
  • digestive tubes
  • urinary organs
  • reproductive organs
  • inside the eye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Smooth Muscle Structure/Function

A
  • non-striated cells without sarcomeres
  • thin + thick filaments
  • slow sustained contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Single Muscle as Organ

A
  • muscle tissue
  • connective tissue
  • blood vessels
  • nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Epimysium

A

dense CT around an entire muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Perimysium

A

fibrous CT around each fascicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

endomysium

A

fine sheath of CT (reticular fibers) around each muscle cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

aponeuroses

A
  • thin flattened sheets of tendon
    ex: rectus abdominis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Skeletal Muscle Structure Overview (from largest unit to smallest)

A

A muscle is made of bundles of fascicles which are made up of bundles of myofibers (muscle cells) which are made up of bundles of myofibrils which are made up of bundles of myofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Myosin

A

protein component of thick myofilaments

  • look like braided golf clubs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Actin

A

protein component of thin myofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Myofibrils
- long unbranched rods of myofilaments within sarcoplasm - specialized contractile organelles
26
Sarcomere
section of a myofibril between two Z lines
27
Dark segment of a sarcomere that contains the full length of a thick myosin filament
A (anisotropic) band
28
light segments of 2 adjacent sarcomeres (split by Z disc) that contains only thin actin filament
I (isotropic) band
29
brighter zone of the a band that contains only thick filaments and is the middle of each sarcomere
H band | (german "heller" = brighter)
30
very middle of sarcomere, in middle of H zone
M line | (german "Mittelscheibe)
31
boundaries of each sarcomere that bisect I bands, occuring where there are only actin filaments
Z disc or line
32
troponin
regulatory protein that holds tropomyosin in place on actin filaments, keeping muscle relaxed by preventing myosin crossbridge formation
33
tropomyosin
two-stranded alpha-helical coiled coil protein that wraps around actin filaments, preventing myosin crossbridge formation
34
crossbridge formation
when heads of myosin molecules bind to active sites on actin molecules causing muscle contraction
35
tunnel-like infoldings of sarcolemma that penetrate cell and carry eletric current to its interior
T (transverse) Tubules
36
Triad
a T-tubule and 2 terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
37
motor unit
each motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates fine control = fewer fibers per unit (eyes) more strength = more fibers per unit (large skeletal muscles)
38
synapse
connection between nerve fiber and target cell
39
neuromuscular junction
specific name for synapse btwn motor nerve and muscle fiber
40
bulbous swelling at end of motor nerve above motor end plate
synaptic knob (terminal or bouton)
41
gap between synaptic knob and motor end plate
synaptic cleft
42
small packets of neurotransmitters within a synaptic knob before they are exocytotically released into the synaptic cleft
synaptic vesicles
43
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
- naming based on speed of contraction and mode of ATP production - **Slow Oxidative** (red/ dark-staining) - **Fast Glycolytic** (white/ non-staining) - **Fast Oxidative** (intermediate/ lighter-staining)
44
Slow Oxidative Fibers
- stain darkly due to abundant **myoglobin** - contract slowly and for longer ex: back muscles, support muscles seen as dark cells in picture
45
Intermediate Fast Oxidative Fibers
- stain less darkly than red - contract faster/ more powerfully than slow oxidative - abundant in lower limbs and contract for longer periods seen as slightly larger/lighter than dark red cells in picture:
46
Fast Glycolytic Fibers
- little myoglobin, don't stain - largest diameter of three types - anaerobic glycolysis - contract rapidly but fatigue easily - found in upper limbs for large work loads - most abundant fiber type
47
origin
less movable attachment ex: biceps brachii to humerus
48
insertion
more movable attachment ex: biceps brachii to tibia
49
two types of muscle attachments
**direct/fleshy attachment** - short connective tissue fibers **indirect attachment** - CT forms tendon or aponeurosis
50
4 Fascicle Arrangments
1. **convergent** (pec major) 2. **parallel** (biceps brachii) 3. **circular** (AKA sphincters, ex: orbicularis oris) 4. **pennate** ("feather like")
51
Convergent Fascicle Arrangement
- broad origin with fascicles _converging_ on tendon at insertion
52
Parallel Fascicle Arrangement
- fascicles run parallel to long axis
53
Circular Fascicle Arrangement
- arranged in concentric rings - surround body openings and **AKA sphincters** ex: orbicularis oculi
54
Pennate Fascicle Arrangement
- feather-like with short fascicles attaching obliquely to tendon - **Unipennate** - fascicles in one side of tendon - **Bipennate** - fascicles in either side of tendon - **Multipennate** - fascicles on all sides of tendon
55
4 Functional Groups of Muscle
1. **Prime Mover** 2. **Antagonist** 3. **Synergist** 4. **Fixator**
56
Prime Mover
- primarily responsible for producing a certain movement ex: diaphragm for inspiration
57
Antagonist
- opposes or reverses movement of prime mover ex: internal intercostals in inspiration (depress rib cage, causing exhalation)
58
Synergist
- helps prime mover by adding force and/or reducing undesirable movement ex: external intercostals in inspiration (elevate ribcage)
59
Fixator
- type of synergist that holds a bone firmly in place
60
Muscle Naming Criteria
* **Location** *(intercostal)* * **Shape** *(deltoid)* * **Relative Size** *(maximus/minimus, longus/brevis)* * **Direction of Fascicles and Fibers** *(transversus)* * **Attachment Location** *(sternocleidomastoid)* * **Number of Origins** *(bi-, tri-, quadriceps)* * **Action** *(flexor, extensor)*
61

Z Old Anatomy (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions