MUSCULAR SYSTEM PT. 2 Flashcards
(500 cards)
1
Q
Which muscle originates from the ischial spine and inserts into the lower sacrum and upper coccyx?
A
Ischiococcygeus
2
Q
Which muscle supports and maintains the position of pelvic viscera and pulls the coccyx anteriorly following defecation or childbirth?
A
Ischiococcygeus
3
Q
Which muscle is innervated by sacral spinal nerves S4–S5?
A
Ischiococcygeus
4
Q
During childbirth, the levator ani muscle supports the head of the fetus, and the muscle may be injured during a diffi cult childbirth or traumatized during an __ a cutmade with surgical scissors to prevent or direct tearing of the perineum during the birth of a baby
A
episiotomy
5
Q
the leak age of urine whenever intra- abdominal pressure is increased— for example, during coughing.
A
urinary stress incontinence
6
Q
One way to treat urinary stress incontinence is to strengthen and tighten the muscles that support the
A
pelvic viscera
7
Q
the alternate contraction and relaxation of muscles of the pelvic floor. To find the correct muscles, the person imagines that she is urinating and then contracts the muscles as if stop ping in midstream. The muscles should be held for a count of three, then relaxed for a count of three. This should be done 5–10 times each hour— sitting, standing, and lying down. Kegel exercises are also encouraged during pregnancy to strengthen the muscles for delivery.
A
Kegel exer cises
8
Q
the region of the trunk inferior to the pelvic diaphragm. It is a diamond- shaped area that extends from the pubic symphysis anteriorly, to the coccyx posteriorly, and to the ischial tuberosities laterally.
A
perineum
9
Q
A transverse line drawn between the ischial tuberosities divides the perineum into an anterior ___ that contains the external genitals and a posterior ___ that contains the anus
A
urogenital triangle; anal triangle
10
Q
a muscular intersection anterior to the anus into which several perineal muscles insert
A
perineal body
11
Q
The muscles of the perineum are arranged in two layers:
A
superficial and deep.
12
Q
The muscles of the superficial layer are
A
superficial transverse perineal, the bulbospongiosus, and the ischiocavernosus
13
Q
The deep muscles of the male perineum are the
A
deep transverse peri neal and external urethral sphincter
14
Q
The deep muscles of the female perineum are the
A
compressor urethrae, sphincter urethrovaginalis, and external urethral sphincter
15
Q
assist in urination and ejaculation in males and urination and compression of the vagina in females and helps strengthen the pelvic floor
A
perineal muscles
16
Q
closely adheres to the skin around the margin of the anus and keeps the anal canal and anus closed except during defecation
A
external anal sphincter
17
Q
Arrange the muscles in this section according to the following actions of the perineum
A
(1) expulsion of urine and semen, (2) erection of the cli toris and penis, (3) closure of the anal orifice, and (4) constric tion of the vaginal orifice.
18
Q
Which muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity and inserts into the perineal body of the perineum?
A
Superficial transverse perineal
19
Q
Which muscle stabilizes the perineal body of the perineum?
A
Superficial transverse perineal
20
Q
Which muscle originates from the perineal body of the perineum and inserts into the perineal membrane of deep muscles of the perineum, corpus spongiosum of penis, and deep fascia on dorsum of penis in male, and pubic arch and root and dorsum of clitoris in female?
A
Bulbospongiosus
21
Q
Which muscle helps expel urine during urination and assists in erection of the penis in male and erection of the clitoris in female?
A
Bulbospongiosus
22
Q
Which muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity and ischial and pubic rami and inserts into the corpora cavernosa of the penis in male and clitoris in female, and pubic symphysis?
A
Ischiocavernosus
23
Q
Which muscle maintains erection of the penis in male and clitoris in female by decreasing urine drainage?
A
Ischiocavernosus
24
Q
Which muscle originates from the ischial ramus and inserts into the perineal body of the perineum?
A
Deep transverse perineal
25
Which muscle helps expel the last drops of urine and semen in males?
Deep transverse perineal
26
Which muscle originates from the ischial and pubic rami and inserts into the median raphe in male and vaginal wall in female?
External urethral sphincter
27
Which muscle helps expel the last drops of urine and semen in males and urine in females?
External urethral sphincter
28
Which muscle originates from the ischiopubic ramus and blends with the same muscle of the opposite side anterior to the urethra?
Compressor urethrae
29
Which muscle serves as an accessory sphincter of the urethra?
Compressor urethrae
30
Which muscle originates from the perineal body and blends with the same muscle of the opposite side anterior to the urethra?
Sphincter urethrovaginalis
31
Which muscle serves as an accessory sphincter of the urethra and facilitates closing of the vagina?
Sphincter urethrovaginalis
32
Which muscle originates from the anococcygeal ligament and inserts into the perineal body of the perineum?
External anal sphincter
33
Which muscle keeps the anal canal and anus closed?
External anal sphincter
34
Muscles that move the pectoral girdle can be classified into two groups based on their location in the thorax:
anterior and posterior thoracic muscles
35
are the subclavius, pectoralis minor, and ser ratus anterior.
anterior thoracic muscles
36
is a small, cylindrical muscle under the clavicle that extends from the clavicle to the first rib. It steadies the clavicle during movements of the pectoral girdle.
subclavius
37
is a thin, flat, triangular muscle that is deep to the pectoralis major. Besides its role in movements of the scapula, the pectoralis minor muscle assists in forced inha lation.
pectoralis minor
38
is a large, flat, fan- shaped muscle between the ribs and scapula. It is so named because of the saw- toothed appearance of its origins on the ribs.
serratus anterior
39
are the trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor.
posterior thoracic muscles
40
large, flat, triangular sheet of muscle extending from the skull and vertebral column medially to the pectoral girdle laterally. It is the most superficial back muscle and covers the posterior neck region and superior portion of the trunk
trape zius
41
The two trapezius muscles form a
trapezoid
42
is a nar row, elongated muscle in the posterior portion of the neck. It is deep to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. As its name suggests, one of its actions is to elevate the scapula
levator scapulae
43
lie deep to the trapezius and are not always distinct from each other. They appear as parallel bands that pass inferiorly and laterally from the vertebrae to the scapula
rhomboid major and rhomboid minor
44
are used when forcibly lowering the raised upper limbs, as in driving a stake with a sledgehammer.
Both rhomboid muscles
45
superior movement of the scapula, such as shrugging the shoulders or lifting a weight over the head.
Elevation
46
inferior movement of the scapula, as in pull ing down on a rope attached to a pulley
Depression
47
movement of the scapula later ally and anteriorly, as in doing a push- up or punching.
abduction (protraction)
48
movement of the scapula medially and posteriorly, as in pulling the oars in a rowboat
adduction (retraction)
49
movement of the inferior angle of the scapula laterally so that the glenoid cavity is moved upward. This movement is required to move the humerus past the horizontal, as in raising the arms in a jumping jack.
Upward rotation
50
movement of the inferior angle of the scapula medially so that the glenoid cavity is moved downward. This movement is seen when a gymnast on parallel bars supports the weight of the body on the hands
Downward rotation
51
Muscles that move the pectoral girdle originate on the ___ and insert on the clavicle or scapula.
axial skeleton
52
Arrange the muscles in this section according to the following actions on the scapula
(1) depression, (2) elevation, (3) abduc tion, (4) adduction, (5) upward rotation, and (6) downward rota tion.
53
Which muscle inserts at the clavicle?
Subclavius
54
Which muscle originates from rib 1?
Subclavius
55
Which muscle depresses and moves the clavicle anteriorly and helps stabilize the pectoral girdle?
Subclavius
56
Which muscle is innervated by the subclavian nerve?
Subclavius
57
Which muscle inserts at the coracoid process of the scapula?
Pectoralis minor
58
Which muscle originates from ribs 2–5, 3–5, or 2–4?
Pectoralis minor
59
Which muscle abducts the scapula and rotates it downward and elevates ribs 3–5 during forced inhalation when the scapula is fixed?
Pectoralis minor
60
Which muscle is innervated by the medial and lateral pectoral nerve?
Pectoralis minor
61
Which muscle inserts at the vertebral border and inferior angle of the scapula?
Serratus anterior
62
Which muscle originates from ribs 1–8 or 1–9?
Serratus anterior
63
Which muscle abducts the scapula and rotates it upward and is known as the "boxer’s muscle"?
Serratus anterior
64
Which muscle is innervated by the long thoracic nerve?
Serratus anterior
65
Which muscle inserts at the clavicle and acromion and spine of the scapula?
Trapezius
66
Which muscle originates from the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spines of C7–T12?
Trapezius
67
Which muscle stabilizes the scapula and assists in rotating it upward, adducting, depressing, and elevating it?
Trapezius
68
Which muscle is innervated by the Accessory (XI) nerve and cervical spinal nerves C3–C5?
Trapezius
69
Which muscle inserts at the superior vertebral border of the scapula?
Levator scapulae
70
Which muscle originates from the transverse processes of C1–C4?
Levator scapulae
71
Which muscle elevates the scapula, rotates it downward, and laterally flexes the neck to the same side?
Levator scapulae
72
Which muscle is innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve and cervical spinal nerves C3–C5?
Levator scapulae
73
Which muscle inserts at the vertebral border of the scapula inferior to the spine?
Rhomboid major
74
Which muscle originates from the spines of T2–T5?
Rhomboid major
75
Which muscle adducts the scapula, rotates it downward, and stabilizes it?
Rhomboid major
76
Which muscle is innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve?
Rhomboid major
77
Which muscle inserts at the vertebral border of the scapula superior to the spine?
Rhomboid minor
78
Which muscle originates from the spines of C7–T1?
Rhomboid minor
79
Which muscle adducts the scapula, rotates it downward, and stabilizes it?
Rhomboid minor
80
Which muscle is innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve?
Rhomboid minor
81
Of the nine muscles that cross the shoulder joint, all except the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi originate on the
scapula
82
The pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi thus are called ___, because they originate on the axial skeleton
axial muscles
83
The remaining seven muscles, the ___, arise from the scapula
scapular muscles
84
is a large, thick, fan- shaped mus cle that covers the superior part of the thorax and forms the anterior fold of the thorax. It has two origins: a smaller clavicu lar head and a larger sternocostal head.
pectoralis major
85
a broad, triangular muscle located on the inferior part of the back that forms most of the posterior wall of the axilla.
latissimus dorsi
86
enables the vertebral column and torso to be elevated, as in doing a pull up. It is commonly called the “swimmer’s muscle” because its many actions are used while swimming; consequently, many competitive swimmers have well- developed “lats.”
reverse muscle action (RMA) of the latissimus dorsi
87
a thick, powerful shoulder muscle that covers the shoulder joint and forms the rounded contour of the shoulder. This muscle is a frequent site of intramuscular injections.
deltoid
88
a large triangular muscle that fills the subscapular fossa of the scapula and forms a small part in the apex of the posterior wall of the axilla.
subscapularis
89
a rounded muscle named for its location in the supraspinous fossa of the scapula, lies deep to the tra pezius.
supraspinatus
90
a triangular muscle, also named for its location in the infraspinous fossa of the scapula.
infraspinatus
91
a thick, flattened muscle inferior to the teres minor that also helps form part of the posterior wall of the axilla.
teres major
92
a cylindrical, elongated muscle, often inseparable from the infraspinatus, which lies along its superior border.
teres minor
93
an elongated, nar row muscle in the arm.
coracobrachialis
94
Four deep muscles of the shoulder that strengthen and stabilize the shoulder joint
subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor
95
Their flat tendons fuse together to form the ___, a nearly complete circle of tendons around the shoulder joint, like the cuff on a shirtsleeve.
rotator (musculotendinous) cuff
96
is especially subject to wear and tear because of its location between the head of the humerus and acromion of the scapula, which compress its tendon during shoulder movements, especially abduction of the arm. This is further aggravated by poor posture with slouched shoulders.
supraspinatus muscle
97
Arrange the muscles in this section according to the following actions on the humerus at the shoulder joint:
(1) flexion, (2) extension, (3) abduction, (4) adduction, (5) medial rotation, and (6) lateral rotation
98
The strength and stability of the shoulder joint are provided by the tendons that form the
rotator cuff
99
What muscle originates from the clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilages of ribs 2–6 (sometimes ribs 1–7)?
Pectoralis major
100
What muscle inserts at the greater tubercle and lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus?
Pectoralis major
101
What muscle adducts and medially rotates the arm at the shoulder joint, with its clavicular head flexing the arm and the sternocostal head flexing the extended arm?
Pectoralis major
102
What muscle is innervated by the medial and lateral pectoral nerves?
Pectoralis major
103
What muscle originates from the spines of T7–L5, lumbar vertebrae, crests of sacrum and ilium, and ribs 9–12 via thoracolumbar fascia?
Latissimus dorsi
104
What muscle inserts at the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus?
Latissimus dorsi
105
What muscle extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm at the shoulder joint, and also draws the arm inferiorly and posteriorly?
Latissimus dorsi
106
What muscle is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve?
Latissimus dorsi
107
What muscle originates from the acromial extremity of the clavicle, acromion of the scapula, and spine of the scapula?
Deltoid
108
What muscle inserts at the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus?
Deltoid
109
What muscle abducts, flexes, medially rotates, extends, and laterally rotates the arm at the shoulder joint?
Deltoid
110
What muscle is innervated by the axillary nerve?
Deltoid
111
What muscle originates from the subscapular fossa of the scapula?
Subscapularis
112
What muscle inserts at the lesser tubercle of the humerus?
Subscapularis
113
What muscle medially rotates the arm at the shoulder joint?
Subscapularis
114
What muscle is innervated by the upper and lower subscapular nerves?
Subscapularis
115
What muscle originates from the supraspinous fossa of the scapula?
Supraspinatus
116
What muscle inserts at the greater tubercle of the humerus?
Supraspinatus
117
What muscle assists the deltoid muscle in abducting the arm at the shoulder joint?
Supraspinatus
118
What muscle is innervated by the suprascapular nerve?
Supraspinatus
119
What muscle originates from the infraspinous fossa of the scapula?
Infraspinatus
120
What muscle inserts at the greater tubercle of the humerus?
Infraspinatus
121
What muscle laterally rotates the arm at the shoulder joint?
Infraspinatus
122
What muscle is innervated by the suprascapular nerve?
Infraspinatus
123
What muscle originates from the inferior angle of the scapula?
Teres major
124
What muscle inserts at the medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus?
Teres major
125
What muscle extends the arm at the shoulder joint and assists in adduction and medial rotation of the arm?
Teres major
126
What muscle is innervated by the lower subscapular nerve?
Teres major
127
What muscle originates from the inferior lateral border of the scapula?
Teres minor
128
What muscle inserts at the greater tubercle of the humerus?
Teres minor
129
What muscle laterally rotates and extends the arm at the shoulder joint?
Teres minor
130
What muscle is innervated by the axillary nerve?
Teres minor
131
What muscle originates from the coracoid process of the scapula?
Coracobrachialis
132
What muscle inserts at the middle of the medial surface of the shaft of the humerus?
Coracobrachialis
133
What muscle flexes and adducts the arm at the shoulder joint?
Coracobrachialis
134
What muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve?
Coracobrachialis
135
One of the most common causes of shoulder pain and dysfunction in athletes is known as ___, which is some times confused with another common complaint, compartment syndrome
impingement syndrome
136
The repetitive movement of the arm over the head that is common in baseball, overhead racquet sports, lifting weights over the head, spiking a volleyball, and swimming puts these athletes at risk.
impingement syndrome
137
may also be caused by a direct blow or stretch injury. Continual pinching of the supraspinatus tendon as a result of overhead motions causes it to become inflamed and results in pain. If movement is continued despite the pain, the tendon may degenerate near the attachment to the humerus and ultimately may tear away from the bone (rota tor cuff injury).
impingement syndrome
138
Treatment consists of resting the injured tendons, strengthening the shoulder through exercise, massage therapy, and surgery if the injury is particularly severe. During surgery, an inflamed bursa may be removed, bone may be trimmed, and/or the coracoacromial ligament may be detached. Torn rotator cuff ten dons may be trimmed and then reattached with sutures, anchors, or surgical tacks. These steps make more space, thus relieving pres sure and allowing the arm to move freely.
impingement syndrome
139
a strain or tear in the rotator cuff muscles and is common among baseball pitchers, volleyball players, rac quet sports players, and swimmers due to shoulder movements that involve vigorous circumduction. It also occurs as a result of wear and tear, aging, trauma, poor posture, improper lifting, and repetitive motions in certain jobs, such as placing items on a shelf above your head.
Rotator cuff injury
140
Most often, there is tearing of the supraspinatus muscle tendon or the rotator cuff. This tendon is especially predis posed to wear and tear because of its location between the head of the humerus and acromion of the scapula, which compresses the tendon during shoulder movements. Poor posture and poor body mechanics also increase compression of the supraspinatus muscle tendon
Rotator cuff injury
141
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis muscles are the
flexor muscles
142
triceps brachii and the anconeus are the
extensor muscles
143
is the large muscle located on the anterior surface of the arm. As indicated by its name, it has two heads of origin (long and short), both from the scapula. The muscle spans both the shoulder and elbow joints. In addition to its role in flexing the forearm at the elbow joint, it also supinates the forearm at the radioulnar joints and flexes the arm at the shoulder joint.
biceps brachii
144
is deep to the biceps brachii muscle. It is the most powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint.
brachialis
145
flexes the forearm at the elbow joint, especially when a quick move ment is required or when a weight is lifted slowly during flex ion of the forearm.
brachioradialis
146
the large muscle located on the pos terior surface of the arm. It is the more powerful of the exten sors of the forearm at the elbow joint. As its name implies, it has three heads of origin, one from the scapula (long head) and two from the humerus (lateral and medial heads). The long head crosses the shoulder joint; the other heads do not
triceps brachii
147
a small muscle located on the lateral part of the posterior aspect of the elbow that assists the triceps brachii in extending the forearm at the elbow joint.
anconeus
148
Some muscles that move the radius and ulna are involved in pronation and supination at the
radioulnar joints
149
The prona tors, as suggested by their names, are the
pronator teres and pronator quadratus muscles
150
The supinator of the forearm is aptly named the
supinator
151
In the limbs, functionally related skeletal muscles and their associated blood vessels and nerves are grouped together by fascia into regions called
compartments
152
In the arm, the biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles com pose the
anterior (flexor) compartment
153
The triceps brachii muscle forms the
posterior (extensor) compartment
154
Arrange the muscles in this section according to the following actions on the elbow joint:
(1) flexion and (2) extension
155
Arrange the muscles in this section according to the following actions on the radioulnar joints
(1) supination and (2) pronation
156
Arrange the muscles in this section according to the following actions on the shoulder joint
(1) flexion and (2) extension
157
The anterior arm muscles __ the forearm, and the posterior arm muscles ___ it.
flex; extend
158
What muscle's long head originates from the tubercle above the glenoid cavity of the scapula (supraglenoid tubercle)?
Biceps brachii
159
What muscle's short head originates from the coracoid process of the scapula?
Biceps brachii
160
What muscle inserts at the radial tuberosity of the radius and bicipital aponeurosis?
Biceps brachii
161
What muscle flexes the forearm at the elbow joint, supinates the forearm at the radioulnar joints, and flexes the arm at the shoulder joint?
Biceps brachii
162
What muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve and originates from the distal, anterior surface of the humerus?
Brachialis
163
What muscle inserts at the ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process of the ulna?
Brachialis
164
What muscle flexes the forearm at the elbow joint?
Brachialis
165
What muscle originates from the lateral border of the distal end of the humerus?
Brachioradialis
166
What muscle inserts superior to the styloid process of the radius?
Brachioradialis
167
What muscle flexes the forearm at the elbow joint most effectively when the arm is mid-pronated?
Brachioradialis
168
What muscle is innervated by the radial nerve and has a long head originating from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula?
Triceps brachii
169
What muscle has a lateral head that originates from the lateral and posterior surface of the humerus?
Triceps brachii
170
What muscle has a medial head that originates from the entire posterior surface of the humerus inferior to a groove for the radial nerve?
Triceps brachii
171
What muscle inserts at the olecranon of the ulna?
Triceps brachii
172
What muscle extends the forearm at the elbow joint and extends the arm at the shoulder joint?
Triceps brachii
173
What muscle originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts at the olecranon and superior portion of the shaft of the ulna?
Anconeus
174
What muscle extends the forearm at the elbow joint?
Anconeus
175
What muscle originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and coronoid process of the ulna?
Pronator teres
176
What muscle inserts at the midlateral surface of the radius?
Pronator teres
177
What muscle pronates the forearm at the radioulnar joints and weakly flexes the forearm at the elbow joint?
Pronator teres
178
What muscle is innervated by the median nerve and originates from the distal portion of the shaft of the ulna?
Pronator quadratus
179
What muscle inserts at the distal portion of the shaft of the radius?
Pronator quadratus
180
What muscle pronates the forearm at the radioulnar joints?
Pronator quadratus
181
What muscle originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the ridge near the radial notch of the ulna (supinator crest)?
Supinator
182
What muscle inserts at the lateral surface of the proximal one-third of the radius?
Supinator
183
What muscle supinates the forearm at the radioulnar joints?
Supinator
184
Those in this group that act on the digits are known as
extrinsic muscles of the hand
185
Based on location and func tion, the muscles of the forearm are divided into two groups:
(1) anterior compartment muscles and (2) posterior compart ment muscles.
186
the forearm originate on the humerus; typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges; and function primarily as flexors. The bellies of these muscles form the bulk of the fore arm.
anterior (flexor) compartment muscles
187
is missing in about 10% of individuals (usually in the left forearm) and is commonly used for tendon repair.
palmaris longus muscle
188
originate on the humerus, insert on the metacarpals and phalanges, and function as extensors. Within each compartment, the muscles are grouped as superficial or deep.
posterior (extensor) compartment mus cles
189
The superficial anterior compartment muscles are arranged in the following order from lateral to medial:
flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, and flexor carpi ulnaris
190
is deep to the other three muscles and is the largest superficial muscle in the forearm.
flexor digitorum superficialis
191
The deep anterior compartment muscles are arranged in the following order from lateral to medial:
flexor pollicis longus (the only flexor of the distal phalanx of the thumb) and flexor digitorum profundus (ends in four tendons that insert into the distal phalanges of the fingers).
192
The superficial posterior compartment muscles are arranged in the following order from lateral to medial:
extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, exten sor digitorum (occupies most of the posterior surface of the forearm and divides into four tendons that insert into the mid dle and distal phalanges of the fingers), extensor digiti minimi (a slender muscle usually connected to the extensor digito rum), and extensor carpi ulnaris.
193
The deep posterior compartment muscles are arranged in the following order from lateral to medial:
abductor polli cis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, and extensor indicis.
194
At the wrist, the deep fascia is thickened into fibrous bands called
retinacula
195
s located over the palmar surface of the carpal bones. The long flexor tendons of the digits and wrist and the median nerve pass deep to the flexor retinaculum.
flexor retinaculum
196
The flexor retinaculum and carpal bones form a narrow space called the
carpal tun nel
197
Through this tunnel pass the median nerve and tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profun dus, and flexor pollicis longus muscles
carpal tun nel
198
is located over the dorsal surface of the carpal bones. The extensor tendons of the wrist and digits pass deep to it.
extensor retinaculum
199
Arrange the muscles in this section according to the follow ing actions on the wrist joint:
(1) flexion, (2) extension, (3) abduction (radial deviation), and (4) adduction
200
the following actions on the fingers at the metacarpo phalangeal joints:
(1) flexion and (2) extension
201
the following actions on the fingers at the interphalangeal joints
(1) flexion and (2) extension
202
the following actions on the thumb at the carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalan geal joints:
(1) extension and (2) abduction
203
the following action on the thumb at the interphalangeal joint:
flexion
204
The anterior compartment muscles function as ___, and the posterior compartment muscles function as ___.
flexors; extensors
205
What muscle originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and inserts at metacarpals 2 and 3?
Flexor carpi radialis
206
What muscle flexes and abducts the hand (radial deviation) at the wrist joint?
Flexor carpi radialis
207
What muscle is innervated by the median nerve and inserts at the flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis?
Palmaris longus
208
What muscle weakly flexes the hand at the wrist joint?
Palmaris longus
209
What muscle originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the superior posterior border of the ulna?
Flexor carpi ulnaris
210
What muscle inserts at the pisiform, hamate, and base of metacarpal 5?
Flexor carpi ulnaris
211
What muscle flexes and adducts the hand (ulnar deviation) at the wrist joint?
Flexor carpi ulnaris
212
What muscle is innervated by the ulnar nerve and inserts at the middle phalanx of each finger?
Flexor digitorum superficialis
213
What muscle flexes the middle phalanx of each finger at the proximal interphalangeal joint, proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal joint, and the hand at the wrist joint?
Flexor digitorum superficialis
214
What muscle originates from the anterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane and inserts at the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb?
Flexor pollicis longus
215
What muscle flexes the distal phalanx of the thumb at the interphalangeal joint?
Flexor pollicis longus
216
What muscle originates from the anterior surface of the ulna and ulnar side of the interosseous membrane?
Flexor digitorum profundus
217
What muscle inserts at the base of the distal phalanx of each finger?
Flexor digitorum profundus
218
What muscle flexes the distal and middle phalanges of each finger at the interphalangeal joints, proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal joint, and hand at the wrist joint?
Flexor digitorum profundus
219
What muscle is innervated by both the median and ulnar nerves?
Flexor digitorum profundus
220
What muscle originates from the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and inserts at metacarpal 2?
Extensor carpi radialis longus
221
What muscle extends and abducts the hand at the wrist joint (ulnar deviation)?
Extensor carpi radialis longus
222
What muscle originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts at metacarpal 3?
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
223
What muscle extends and abducts the hand at the wrist joint?
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
224
What muscle originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts at the distal and middle phalanges of each finger?
Extensor digitorum
225
What muscle extends the distal and middle phalanges of each finger at the interphalangeal joints, proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal joint, and hand at the wrist joint?
Extensor digitorum
226
What muscle originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts at the tendon of the extensor digitorum on phalanx 5?
Extensor digiti minimi
227
What muscle extends the proximal phalanx of the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint and the hand at the wrist joint?
Extensor digiti minimi
228
What muscle originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the posterior border of the ulna?
Extensor carpi ulnaris
229
What muscle inserts at metacarpal 5?
Extensor carpi ulnaris
230
What muscle extends and adducts the hand at the wrist joint (ulnar deviation)?
Extensor carpi ulnaris
231
What muscle originates from the posterior surface of the middle of the radius and ulna and the interosseous membrane?
Abductor pollicis longus
232
What muscle inserts at metacarpal 1?
Abductor pollicis longus
233
What muscle abducts and extends the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint and abducts the hand at the wrist joint?
Abductor pollicis longus
234
What muscle originates from the posterior surface of the middle of the radius and interosseous membrane and inserts at the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb?
Extensor pollicis brevis
235
What muscle extends the proximal phalanx of the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint, the first metacarpal of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint, and the hand at the wrist joint?
Extensor pollicis brevis
236
What muscle originates from the posterior surface of the middle of the ulna and interosseous membrane?
Extensor pollicis longus
237
What muscle inserts at the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb?
Extensor pollicis longus
238
What muscle extends the distal phalanx of the thumb at the interphalangeal joint, extends the first metacarpal of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint, and abducts the hand at the wrist joint?
Extensor pollicis longus
239
What muscle originates from the posterior surface of the ulna and interosseous membrane and inserts at the tendon of the extensor digitorum of the index finger?
Extensor indicis
240
What muscle extends the distal and middle phalanges of the index finger at the interphalangeal joints, proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal joint, and hand at the wrist joint?
Extensor indicis
241
Components of the carpal tunnel:
1 Median nerve
2 Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis muscles
3 Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus muscles
4 Tendon of flexor pollicis longus muscle
242
is a condition that can be caused by strain of the flexor muscles, especially the flexor carpi radialis, as a result of repetitive movements such as swinging a golf club. Strain can, however, be caused by many actions. Pianists, violinists, movers, weight lifters, bikers, and those who use computers are among those who may develop pain near the medial epicondyle (medial epicondylitis).
Golfer’s elbow
243
produce the weak but intricate and precise movements of the digits that characterize the human hand
intrinsic muscles of the hand
244
The intrinsic muscles of the hand are divided into three groups:
(1) thenar, (2) hypothenar, and (3) intermediate
245
include the abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, and adductor pollicis
thenar muscles
246
a thin, short, relatively broad superficial muscle on the lateral side of the thenar eminence.
abductor pol licis brevis
247
a short, wide muscle that is medial to the abductor pollicis brevis muscle.
flexor pollicis brevis
248
a small, tri angular muscle that is deep to the flexor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis brevis muscles.
opponens pollicis
249
is fan- shaped and has two heads (oblique and transverse) separated by a gap through which the radial artery passes.
adductor pollicis
250
The thenar muscles plus the adductor pollicis form the ___, the lateral rounded contour on the palm that is also called the ball of the thumb.
thenar eminence
251
The three hypothenar muscles act on the little finger and form the ___, the medial rounded contour on the palm that is also called the ball of the little finger.
hypothenar eminence
252
are the abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and opponens digiti minimi.
hypothenar muscles
253
a short, wide muscle and is the most superficial of the hypothenar muscles. It is a powerful muscle that plays an important role in grasping an object with outspread fin gers
abductor dig iti minimi
254
also short and wide and is lateral to the abductor digiti minimi muscle.
flexor digiti minimi brevis
255
is triangular and deep to the other two hypothenar muscles
opponens digiti minimi
256
include the lumbricals, palmar interossei, and dorsal interossei
11 or 12 intermediate (midpalmar) muscles
257
are worm- shaped. They originate from and insert into the tendons of other muscles (flexor digitorum profundus and extensor digitorum)
lumbricals
258
are the smallest and more anterior of the inter ossei muscles.
pal mar interossei
259
are the most posterior of this series of muscles.
dorsal interossei
260
located between the metacarpals and are important in abduc tion, adduction, flexion, and extension of the fingers, and in movements in skilled activities such as writing, typing, and playing a piano.
palmar and dorsal interossei
261
Most of the dexterity of the hand depends on movements of the
thumb
262
The general activities of the hand are
free motion, power grip, precision handling, and pinch
263
forcible movement of the fingers and thumb against the palm, as in squeezing
power grip
264
a change in position of a handled object that requires exact control of finger and thumb positions, as in winding a watch or threading a needle
precision handling
265
(com pression between the thumb and index finger or between the thumb and first two fingers
pinch
266
The five principal movements of the thumb
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and opposition
267
movement of the thumb medially across the palm
flexion
268
movement of the thumb laterally away from the palm
extension
269
movement of the thumb in an anteroposterior plane away from the palm
abduction
270
movement of the thumb in an anteroposterior plane toward the palm
adduction
271
movement of the thumb across the palm so that the tip of the thumb meets the tip of a finger
opposition
272
is the single most distinctive digital movement that gives humans and other primates the ability to grasp and manipulate objects precisely
opposition
273
Arrange the muscles in this section according to the following actions on the thumb at the carpometacarpal and metacarpo phalangeal joints:
(1) abduction, (2) adduction, (3) flexion, and (4) opposition
274
the following actions on the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints:
1) abduc tion, (2) adduction, (3) flexion, and (4) extension.
275
What thenar muscle originates from the flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, and trapezium?
Abductor pollicis brevis
276
What muscle abducts the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint?
Abductor pollicis brevis
277
What thenar muscle originates from the flexor retinaculum and trapezium and inserts on the lateral side of metacarpal 1?
Opponens pollicis
278
What muscle moves the thumb across the palm to meet any finger (opposition) at the carpometacarpal joint?
Opponens pollicis
279
What muscle is innervated by the median nerve and flexes the thumb at the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints?
Flexor pollicis brevis
280
What muscle has an oblique head that originates from capitate and metacarpals 2 and 3, and a transverse head from metacarpal 3?
Adductor pollicis
281
What muscle adducts the thumb at the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints?
Adductor pollicis
282
What hypothenar muscle originates from the pisiform and the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris?
Abductor digiti minimi
283
What muscle abducts and flexes the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Abductor digiti minimi
284
What hypothenar muscle originates from the flexor retinaculum and hamate and inserts on the medial side of the proximal phalanx of the little finger?
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
285
What muscle flexes the little finger at the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints?
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
286
What hypothenar muscle moves the little finger across the palm to meet the thumb (opposition) at the carpometacarpal joint?
Opponens digiti minimi
287
What muscle is responsible for flexing each finger at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extending each finger at the interphalangeal joints?
Lumbricals
288
What intermediate muscle is innervated by both the median and ulnar nerves?
Lumbricals
289
What palmar muscle adducts and flexes each finger (except the third) at the metacarpophalangeal joints?
Palmar interossei
290
What muscle extends fingers (except the third) at the interphalangeal joints?
Palmar interossei
291
What dorsal muscle abducts fingers 2–4 at the metacarpophalangeal joints?
Dorsal interossei
292
What muscle flexes and extends fingers 2–4 at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints?
Dorsal interossei
293
Structures within the carpal tunnel, espe cially the median nerve, are vulnerable to compression, and the resulting condition is called
carpal tunnel syndrome.
294
Compression of the median nerve leads to sensory changes over the lateral side of the hand and muscle weakness in the thenar eminence. This results in pain, numbness, and tingling of the fingers. The condition may be caused by inflammation of the digital tendon sheaths, fluid retention, excessive exer cise, infection, trauma, and/or repetitive activities that involve flexion of the wrist, such as keyboarding, cutting hair, or play ing the piano. Treatment may involve the use of nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (such as ibuprofen or aspirin), wear ing a wrist splint, corticosteroid injections, or surgery to cut the flexor retinaculum and release pressure on the median nerve.
carpal tunnel syndrome.
295
produce the intricate and precise movements of the digits that characterize the human hand.
intrinsic muscles of the hand
296
arise from the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae on the midline and extend superiorly to attach laterally on move superior vertebral and the skull
splenius muscles
297
(consisting of the iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis muscles) arises either from the midline or more laterally but usually runs almost longi tudinally, with neither a significant lateral nor medial direction as it is traced superiorly.
erector spinae muscle group
298
(semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores) pass from lateral to medial toward the midline as they are traced superiorly. Deep to these three muscle groups are small segmental muscles that extend between spinous processes or transverse processes of vertebrae.
muscles of the transversospinalis group
299
also play a role in moving the vertebral column
rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and quadratus lumborum muscles
300
The bandage-like ___ are attached to the sides and back of the neck. T
splenius muscles
301
The two muscles in this group are named on the basis of their superior attachments (insertions):
splenius capitis (head region) and splenius colli (cervical region).
302
is the largest muscle mass of the back, forming a prominent bulge on either side of the vertebral col umn. This muscle group the chief extensor of the vertebral column. It is also important in controlling flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of the vertebral column and in maintaining the lumbar curve.
erector spinae
303
it consists of three groups: iliocostalis (laterally placed), longissimus (intermediately placed), and spi nalis (medially placed). These groups, in turn, consist of a series of overlapping muscles, and the muscles within the groups are named according to the regions of the body with which they are associated.
erector spinae
304
The iliocostalis group consists of three muscles:
the iliocostalis cervicis (cervical region), iliocostalis thoracis (tho racic region), and iliocostalis lumborum (lumbar region).
305
The longissimus group resembles a herringbone and consists of three muscles:
the longissimus capitis (head region), longissi mus colli (cervical region), and longissimus thoracis (thoracic region).
306
The spinalis group also consists of three muscles:
spinalis capitis, spinalis colli, and spinalis thoracis.
307
are so named because their fibers run from the transverse processes to the spinous processes of the vertebrae.
transversospinales
308
The semispinalis muscles in this group are also named according to the region of the body with which they are associated:
semispinalis capitis (head region), semispina lis coli (cervical region), and semispinalis thoracis (thoracic region).
309
is segmented into several bundles. It extends and laterally flexes the vertebral column. This muscle is large and thick in the lumbar region and is important in maintaining the lumbar curve
multifidus
310
are short and are found along the entire length of the vertebral column. These small muscles contribute little to vertebral movement but play important roles in monitoring the position of the vertebral column and providing proprioceptive feedback to the stronger vertebral muscles.
rotatores
311
unite the spi nous and transverse processes of consecutive vertebrae within the segmental muscle group. They function primarily in stabilizing the vertebral column during its movements, and providing proprioceptive feedback.
interspinales and intertransversarii
312
Within the scalene group, the ___ muscle is anterior to the scalenus medius muscle, the ___ muscle is intermediate in placement and is the longest and largest of the scalene muscles, and the ___ muscle is posterior to the scalenus medius muscle and is the smallest of the scalene muscles. The posterior scalene muscles flex, laterally flex, and rotate the head and assist in deep inhalation.
anterior scalene, scalenus medius, and posterior scalene
313
Arrange the muscles in this section according to the following actions on the head at the atlanto- occipital and intervertebral joints:
(1) extension, (2) lateral flexion, (3) rotation to same side as contracting muscle, and (4) rotation to opposite side as contract ing muscle;
314
arrange the muscles according to the following actions on the vertebral column at the intervertebral joints:
(1) flexion, (2) extension, (3) lateral flexion, (4) rotation, and (5) sta bilization
315
is the largest muscular mass of the back and is the chief extensor of the vertebral column.
erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis muscles)
316
Which muscle originates from the Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7–T4?
Splenius capitis
317
Which muscle inserts at the Occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone?
Splenius capitis
318
Which muscle acts to extend the head and vertebral column bilaterally, and laterally flex or rotate head unilaterally?
Splenius capitis
319
Which muscle is innervated by the Middle cervical spinal nerves?
Splenius capitis
320
Which muscle originates from the Spinous processes of T3–T6?
Splenius cervicis
321
Which muscle inserts at the Transverse processes of C1–C2 or C1–C4?
Splenius cervicis
322
Which muscle acts to extend the head bilaterally, and laterally flex or rotate the head unilaterally?
Splenius cervicis
323
Which muscle is innervated by the Inferior cervical spinal nerves?
Splenius cervicis
324
Which muscle originates from Ribs 1–6?
Iliocostalis cervicis
325
Which muscle inserts at the Transverse processes of C4–C6?
Iliocostalis cervicis
326
Which muscle acts to extend and maintain erect posture of the vertebral column, and laterally flex it unilaterally?
Iliocostalis cervicis
327
Which muscle is innervated by the Cervical and thoracic spinal nerves?
Iliocostalis cervicis
328
Which muscle originates from Ribs 7–12?
Iliocostalis thoracis
329
Which muscle inserts at Ribs 1–6?
Iliocostalis thoracis
330
Which muscle is innervated by the Thoracic spinal nerves?
Iliocostalis thoracis
331
Which muscle originates from the Iliac crest?
Iliocostalis lumborum
332
Which muscle inserts at Ribs 7–12?
Iliocostalis lumborum
333
Which muscle is innervated by the Lumbar spinal nerves?
Iliocostalis lumborum
334
Which muscle originates from the Articular processes of C4–C7 and transverse processes of T1–T4?
Longissimus capitis
335
Which muscle inserts at the Mastoid process of temporal bone?
Longissimus capitis
336
Which muscle acts to extend the head and vertebral column bilaterally, and rotate the head unilaterally?
Longissimus capitis
337
Which muscle is innervated by the Middle and inferior cervical spinal nerves?
Longissimus capitis
338
Which muscle originates from the Transverse processes of T4–T5?
Longissimus cervicis
339
Which muscle inserts at the Transverse processes of C2–C6?
Longissimus cervicis
340
Which muscle acts to extend the vertebral column bilaterally and laterally flex it unilaterally?
Longissimus cervicis
341
Which muscle is innervated by the Cervical and superior thoracic spinal nerves?
Longissimus cervicis
342
Which muscle originates from the Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae?
Longissimus thoracis
343
Which muscle inserts at the Transverse processes of all thoracic and superior lumbar vertebrae and ribs 9 and 10?
Longissimus thoracis
344
Which muscle originates with the semispinalis capitis and is often absent or very small?
Spinalis capitis
345
Which muscle inserts at the Occipital bone?
Spinalis capitis
346
Which muscle is innervated by the Cervical spinal nerves?
Spinalis capitis
347
Which muscle originates from the Nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7?
Spinalis cervicis
348
Which muscle inserts at the Spinous process of axis?
Spinalis cervicis
349
Which muscle is innervated by the Inferior cervical and thoracic spinal nerves?
Spinalis cervicis
350
Which muscle originates from the Transverse processes of C3–C6?
Scalenus anterior
351
Which muscle inserts at Rib 1?
Scalenus anterior
352
Which muscle acts to elevate the first ribs during deep inhalation?
Scalenus anterior
353
Which muscle is innervated by the Cervical spinal nerves?
Scalenus anterior
354
Which muscle originates from the Transverse processes of C2–C7?
Scalenus medius
355
Which muscle inserts at Rib 1?
Scalenus medius
356
Which muscle acts to flex cervical vertebrae and laterally flex and slightly rotate cervical vertebrae?
Scalenus medius
357
Which muscle originates from the Transverse processes of C4–C6?
Scalenus posterior
358
Which muscle inserts at Rib 2?
Scalenus posterior
359
Which muscle acts to elevate the second ribs during deep inhalation and flex cervical vertebrae?
Scalenus posterior
360
Which muscle is innervated by the Cervical spinal nerves?
Scalenus posterior
361
The four factors associated with increased risk of ___ are amount of force, repetition, posture, and stress applied to the backbone.
back injury
362
Poor physical condition, poor posture, lack of exercise, and excessive body weight contribute to the num ber and severity of sprains and strains. Back pain caused by a muscle strain or ligament sprain will normally heal within a short time and may never cause further problems. However, if ligaments and muscles are weak, discs in the lower back can become weakened and may herniate (rupture) with excessive lifting or a sudden fall, causing considerable pain
back injury
363
Full flexion at the waist, as in touching your toes, over stretches the erector spinae muscles. Muscles that are over stretched cannot contract effectively. Straightening up from such a position is therefore initiated by the hamstring muscles on the back of the thigh and the gluteus maximus muscles of the buttocks. The erector spinae muscles join in as the degree of flexion decreases. Improperly lifting a heavy weight, how ever, can strain the erector spinae muscles
heavy lifting
364
The result can be painful muscle spasms, tearing of tendons and ligaments of the lower back, and herniating of intervertebral discs. The lumbar muscles are adapted for maintaining posture, not for lifting. This is why it is important to bend at the knees and use the powerful extensor muscles of the thighs and buttocks while lifting a heavy load.
heavy lifting
365
function in sta bility, locomotion, and maintenance of posture.
lower limb muscles
366
The psoas major and iliacus muscles share a common insertion (lesser trochanter of femur) and are collec tively known as the
iliopsoas
367
There are three gluteal muscles:
gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus min imus
368
is the largest and heaviest of the three muscles and is one of the largest muscles in the body. It is the chief extensor of the femur. In its reverse muscle action (RMA), it is a powerful extensor of the torso at the hip joint.
gluteus maximus
369
is mostly deep to the gluteus maximus and is a powerful abductor of the femur at the hip joint. It is a com mon site for intramuscular injection.
gluteus medius
370
is the smallest of the gluteal muscles and lies deep to the gluteus medius.
gluteus minimus
371
is located on the lateral surface of the thigh
tensor fasciae latae
372
is a layer of deep fascia, composed of dense connective tissue, that encircles the entire thigh. It is well developed laterally where, together with the ten dons of the tensor fasciae latae and gluteus maximus muscles, it forms a structure called the iliotibial tract. The tract inserts into the lateral condyle of the tibia.
fascia lata
373
are all deep to the gluteus maximus muscle and function as lateral rotators of the femur at the hip joint
piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, and quadratus fem oris
374
Three muscles on the medial aspect of the thigh are the
adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus
375
They originate on the pubic bone and insert on the femur
adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus
376
adduct the thigh and are unique in their ability to both medially and laterally rotate the thigh. When the foot is on the ground, these muscles medially rotate the thigh, but when the foot is off the ground, they are lateral rotators of the thigh. This results from their oblique orientation, from an anterior origin to a posterior insertion
adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus
377
flexes the thigh and the adductor magnus extends the thigh
adduc tor longus
378
also adducts and flexes the femur at the hip joint
pectineus
379
At the junction between the trunk and lower limb is a space called the
femoral triangle
380
The base is formed superiorly by the inguinal ligament, medially by the lateral border of the adductor longus muscle, and laterally by the medial border of the sartorius muscle. The apex is formed by the crossing of the adductor longus by the sartorius muscle
femoral triangle
381
The contents of the femoral triangle, from lateral to medial, are the femoral nerve and its branches, the femoral artery and several of its branches, the femoral vein and its proximal tributaries, and the deep inguinal lymph nodes. The femoral artery is eas ily accessible within the triangle and is the site for insertion of catheters that may extend into the aorta and ultimately into the coronary vessels of the heart. Such catheters are utilized during cardiac catheterization, coronary angiography, and other pro cedures involving the heart. Inguinal hernias frequently appear in this area.
femoral triangle
382
Most muscles that move the femur originate on the ___ and insert on the femur.
pelvic (hip) girdle
383
Arrange the muscles in this section according to the following actions on the thigh at the hip joint: (
(1) flexion, (2) extension, (3) abduction, (4) adduction, (5) medial rotation, and (6) lateral rotation.
384
What muscle originates from the transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae?
Psoas major
385
What muscle inserts with iliacus into the lesser trochanter of the femur?
Psoas major
386
What muscle acts to flex the thigh at the hip joint, rotate the thigh laterally, and flex the trunk on the hip as in sitting up from a supine position?
Psoas major
387
What muscle is innervated by the lumbar spinal nerves L2–L3?
Psoas major
388
What muscle originates from the iliac fossa and sacrum?
Iliacus
389
What muscle inserts with psoas major into the lesser trochanter of the femur?
Iliacus
390
What muscle is innervated by the femoral nerve?
Iliacus
391
What muscle originates from the iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx, and aponeurosis of sacrospinalis?
Gluteus maximus
392
What muscle inserts into the iliotibial tract of fascia lata and superior lateral part of linea aspera (gluteal tuberosity) under the greater trochanter of the femur?
Gluteus maximus
393
What muscle extends and laterally rotates the hip joint?
Gluteus maximus
394
What muscle is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve?
Gluteus maximus
395
What muscle originates from the lateral surface of the ilium?
Gluteus medius
396
What muscle inserts into the greater trochanter of the femur?
Gluteus medius
397
What muscle abducts and medially rotates the hip joint?
Gluteus medius
398
What muscle is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve?
Gluteus medius
399
What muscle originates from the lateral surface of the ilium?
Gluteus minimus
400
What muscle inserts into the greater trochanter of the femur?
Gluteus minimus
401
What muscle abducts and medially rotates the hip joint?
Gluteus minimus
402
What muscle is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve?
Gluteus minimus
403
What muscle originates from the lateral surface of the anterior iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine?
Tensor fasciae latae
404
What muscle inserts into the tibia by way of the iliotibial tract?
Tensor fasciae latae
405
What muscle flexes and abducts the hip joint?
Tensor fasciae latae
406
What muscle is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve?
Tensor fasciae latae
407
What muscle originates from the anterior sacrum?
Piriformis
408
What muscle inserts into the superior border of the greater trochanter of the femur?
Piriformis
409
What muscle laterally rotates and abducts the hip joint?
Piriformis
410
What muscle is innervated by the sacral spinal nerves S1 or S2, mainly S1?
Piriformis
411
What muscle originates from the inner surface of the obturator foramen, pubis, and ischium?
Obturator internus
412
What muscle inserts into the medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur?
Obturator internus
413
What muscle laterally rotates and abducts the hip joint?
Obturator internus
414
What muscle is innervated by the nerve to obturator internus?
Obturator internus
415
What muscle originates from the outer surface of the obturator membrane?
Obturator externus
416
What muscle inserts into the deep depression inferior to the greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of the femur?
Obturator externus
417
What muscle laterally rotates and abducts the hip joint?
Obturator externus
418
What muscle is innervated by the obturator nerve?
Obturator externus
419
What muscle originates from the ischial spine?
Superior gemellus
420
What muscle inserts into the medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur?
Superior gemellus
421
What muscle laterally rotates and abducts the hip joint?
Superior gemellus
422
What muscle is innervated by the nerve to obturator internus?
Superior gemellus
423
What muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity?
Inferior gemellus
424
What muscle inserts into the medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur?
Inferior gemellus
425
What muscle laterally rotates and abducts the hip joint?
Inferior gemellus
426
What muscle is innervated by the nerve to quadratus femoris?
Inferior gemellus
427
What muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity?
Quadratus femoris
428
What muscle inserts into the elevation superior to mid-portion of the intertrochanteric crest (quadrate tubercle) on the posterior femur?
Quadratus femoris
429
What muscle laterally rotates and stabilizes the hip joint?
Quadratus femoris
430
What muscle is innervated by the nerve to quadratus femoris?
Quadratus femoris
431
What muscle originates from the pubic crest and pubic symphysis?
Adductor longus
432
What muscle inserts into the linea aspera of the femur?
Adductor longus
433
What muscle adducts and flexes the thigh at the hip joint and rotates the thigh?
Adductor longus
434
What muscle is innervated by the obturator nerve?
Adductor longus
435
What muscle originates from the inferior ramus of the pubis?
Adductor brevis
436
What muscle inserts into the superior half of the linea aspera of the femur?
Adductor brevis
437
What muscle adducts and flexes the thigh at the hip joint and rotates the thigh?
Adductor brevis
438
What muscle is innervated by the obturator nerve?
Adductor brevis
439
What muscle originates from the inferior ramus of the pubis and ischium to the ischial tuberosity?
Adductor magnus
440
What muscle inserts into the linea aspera of the femur?
Adductor magnus
441
What muscle adducts the thigh at the hip joint and rotates the thigh; anterior part flexes the thigh at the hip joint, and posterior part extends the thigh at the hip joint?
Adductor magnus
442
What muscle is innervated by the obturator and tibial nerve from the sciatic nerve?
Adductor magnus
443
What muscle originates from the superior ramus of the pubis?
Pectineus
444
What muscle inserts into the pectineal line of the femur, between the lesser trochanter and linea aspera?
Pectineus
445
What muscle flexes and adducts the thigh at the hip joint?
Pectineus
446
What muscle is innervated by the femoral nerve?
Pectineus
447
are among the most active muscle groups in the body, they are also used in many non-athletic activities.
core muscles
448
consist of about 29 pairs of muscles that link the upper and lower body by transferring force between the two. These muscles include the abdominal muscles, back muscles, erector spinae muscles, latissimus dorsi, ilio psoas muscles, gluteal muscles, and muscles of the pelvic floor.
core muscles
449
are involved in sitting, standing or even standing still, bending, twisting, lifting, reaching, and so on. Now apply these actions to everyday activities and you will generate an almost endless list: getting out of bed, bathing, putting on your shoes, eating breakfast, lifting a backpack, driving a car, observing traffic signs, walking to class, sit ting at a desk, using a mobile phone, keyboarding, carrying books, participating in sports activities, sneezing, coughing, laughing, urination, defecation, and maybe even labor and delivery.
core muscles
450
The numerous functions of core muscles can be grouped into three basic categories:
1. Containing and supporting internal organs.
2. Stabilizing the thorax and pelvis during various move ments.
3. Providing greater mobility of the vertebral column and trunk.
451
A rupture or tear of one or more of these muscles can cause a
groin pull
452
most often occur during sprinting or twisting, or from kicking a solid, perhaps stationary object. Symptoms of a groin pull may be sudden or may not surface until the day after the injury; they include sharp pain in the inguinal region, swelling, bruising, or inability to contract the muscles.
groin pull
453
As with most strain injuries, treatment involves PRICE (Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation). After the injured part is protected from further damage, ice should be applied imme diately, and the injured part should be elevated and rested. An elastic bandage should be applied, if possible, to compress the injured tissue.
groin pull
454
separates the muscles of the thigh that act on the femur (thigh bone) and tibia and fibula (leg bones) into medial, anterior, and posterior compartments
Deep fascia (intermuscular septum)
455
have a similar orientation and adduct the femur at the hip joint.
medial (adductor) compartment of the thigh
456
the other muscle in the medial compartment, is a long, straplike muscle on the medial aspect of the thigh and knee. This muscle adducts the thigh and medially rotates the leg at the knee joint.
gracilis
457
extend the leg and flex the thigh. This compartment contains the quadriceps femoris and sartorius muscles.
anterior (extensor) compartment of the thigh
458
is the largest muscle in the body, covering most of the anterior surface and sides of the thigh
quadriceps femoris
459
The muscle is actually a composite muscle, usually described as four separate muscles
(1) rectus femoris, on the anterior aspect of the thigh; (2) vastus lateralis, on the lateral aspect of the thigh; (3) vastus medialis, on the medial aspect of the thigh; and (4) vastus intermedius, located deep to the rectus femoris between the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis
460
The common tendon for the four muscles, known as the ___, inserts into the patella.
quadri ceps tendon
461
The tendon continues below the patella as the ___, which attaches to the tibial tuberosity
patellar ligament
462
great extensor muscle of the leg
quadriceps femoris
463
is a long, nar row muscle that forms a band across the thigh from the ilium of the hip bone to the medial side of the tibia. The various move ments it produces (flexion of the leg at the knee joint and flex ion, abduction, and lateral rotation at the hip joint) help effect the cross- legged sitting position in which the heel of one limb is placed on the knee of the opposite limb. Its name means tailor’s muscle; it was so called because tailors often assume a cross- legged sitting position.
sartorius
464
flex the leg (and extend the thigh)
posterior (flexor) compartment of the thigh
465
This compartment is composed of three muscles collectively called the hamstrings:
(1) biceps femoris, (2) semitendinosus, and (3) semimembra nosus.
466
are long and stringlike in the popliteal area. Because the ham strings span two joints (hip and knee), they are both exten sors of the thigh and flexors of the leg
hamstrings
467
is a diamond- shaped space on the posterior aspect of the knee bordered laterally by the tendons of the biceps femoris muscle and medially by the tendons of the semitendinosus and semi membranosus muscles.
popliteal fossa
468
Arrange the muscles in this section according to the following actions on the thigh at the hip joint:
(1) abduction, (2) adduc tion, (3) lateral rotation, (4) flexion, and (5) extension
469
according to the following actions on the leg at the knee joint:
(1) flexion and (2) extension
470
Muscles that act on the leg originate in the hip and thigh and are separated into compartments by
Deep fascia (intermuscular septum)
471
What muscle originates from the body and inferior ramus of the pubis?
Gracilis
472
What muscle inserts into the medial surface of the body of the tibia?
Gracilis
473
What muscle adducts the thigh at the hip joint, medially rotates the thigh, and flexes the leg at the knee joint?
Gracilis
474
What muscle is innervated by the obturator nerve?
Gracilis
475
What muscle originates from the anterior inferior iliac spine?
Rectus femoris
476
What muscle inserts into the patella via the quadriceps tendon and then the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament?
Rectus femoris
477
What muscle extends the leg at the knee joint and also flexes the thigh at the hip joint?
Rectus femoris
478
What muscle is innervated by the femoral nerve?
Rectus femoris
479
What muscle originates from the greater trochanter and linea aspera of the femur?
Vastus lateralis
480
What muscle inserts into the patella via the quadriceps tendon and then the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament?
Vastus lateralis
481
What muscle extends the leg at the knee joint?
Vastus lateralis
482
What muscle is innervated by the femoral nerve?
Vastus lateralis
483
What muscle originates from the linea aspera of the femur?
Vastus medialis
484
What muscle inserts into the patella via the quadriceps tendon and then the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament?
Vastus medialis
485
What muscle extends the leg at the knee joint?
Vastus medialis
486
What muscle is innervated by the femoral nerve?
Vastus medialis
487
What muscle originates from the anterior and lateral surfaces of the body of the femur?
Vastus intermedius
488
What muscle inserts into the patella via the quadriceps tendon and then the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament?
Vastus intermedius
489
What muscle extends the leg at the knee joint?
Vastus intermedius
490
What muscle is innervated by the femoral nerve?
Vastus intermedius
491
What muscle originates from the anterior superior iliac spine?
Sartorius
492
What muscle inserts into the medial surface of the body of the tibia?
Sartorius
493
What muscle weakly flexes the leg at the knee joint, weakly flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh at the hip joint?
Sartorius
494
What muscle is innervated by the femoral nerve?
Sartorius
495
What muscle originates from the long head of the ischial tuberosity and the short head from the linea aspera of the femur?
Biceps femoris
496
What muscle inserts into the head of the fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia?
Biceps femoris
497
What muscle extends the thigh at the hip joint?
Biceps femoris
498
What muscle is innervated by the tibial and fibular nerves from the sciatic nerve?
Biceps femoris
499
What muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity?
Semitendinosus
500
What muscle inserts into the proximal part of the tibia medial to the tibial tuberosity?
Semitendinosus
