When do Lateral sprains happen? What is most likely to be damaged?
When do Medial sprains happen? What is most likely to be damaged?
Inversion (Varus) sprain will usually damage anterior talofibular** ligament first, then **calcaneofibular** ligament (middle), then **posterior talofibular ligament last (Fibula is the outlier bone a “Fib” of a bone)
Eversion (Valgus) strain will usually damage tibial bone medial malleolus** (**Pott’s fracture**) first, then **deltoid ligament
What do the following tests test; Drop-arm, Empty can, Neer, Hawkins, Appley stretch, Tinnels, Lateral epicondylitis, Medial epicondylitis, Phalen’s, Finklestein, Thomas, McMurray, Drawer tests, Thompson-Doherty squeeze, Valgus stress, Varus stress, Spurling, Straight leg-raise, Thomas, Patrick FABER test (what does it mean)?
- Drop-arm = tests deltoid and supraspinatus (first 15o from rest)
- Empty can test = Supraspinatus
- Neer test = same as empty can, but looking more for pain
- Hawkins test = internal rotation testing for supraspinatus muscle impingement
- Appley stretch test = infraspinatus (ER)/subscapularis (IR)
- Tinnels test = poke on the nerve to reproduce pain
- Lateral epicondylitis = radial deviation and extension (extensors) tennis elbow
- Medial epicondylitis = ulnar deviation and flexion (flexors) golfers elbow
- Phalen’s test = press dorsum of hands together for 1 minute (carple tunnel)
- Finklestein test = thumb in fist and ulnar deviate => pain of the tendon of (Abd/E) pollicis** => **de Quervain’s tenosynovitis
- Thomas test = flex knee and see if other leg lifts in response => tight psoas major
- McMurray Test = rotate leg while flexing the thigh => for torn meniscus
- Cruciate ligaments; Drawer tests see if too much motion, anterior = prevents that knee motion, posterior = prevents that knee motion
- Thompson-Doherty squeeze test = squeeze gastrocnemeus and should see slight plantar flexion.
- Valgus (flapper) stress test = trying to “force” into valgus, Medial collateral ligament should stop this.
- Varus (cowboy) stress test = trying to “force” into varus, Lateral collateral ligament should stop this.
- Spurling = extend cervical spine, rotate, and SB with compression to see if there is radiculopathy. Compression and Distraction also test, but both sides at once
- Straight leg-raise test = lift the “complaint” leg to physiologic barrier, then have patient dorsiflex, if non-radiating = OPP problem
- Cross leg = if it is radicular, test other side, if positive = lumbosacral source
- Thomas Test = flex thigh (keep back straight) => patient lifts other leg = psoas major muscle
- Patrick FABER test = flex leg, Abduct leg, and externally rotate (this is in supine position, foot on knee, passively externally rotate and stabilize ASIS
- Groin/anterior thigh pain meaning hip problem
- Sacroiliac region indicative of pathology in the SI joint
What is the cause of Periodontitis? What is the Pathology? What is it associated with? What may it lead to?
Anaerobic gram negative organisms. They implant/destroy connection of teeth to jaw(Cementin). HIV, leukemia, Crohn’s disease, DM, Down’s syndrome, Sarcoidosis, and Neutrophil defects. Infectious endocarditis/pleuritis, brain abscesses, and teratogenic
What is a Pyogenic granuloma? When does it occur? When does it leave?
A rapid growth of ulcerated red/purple tumor. Pregnancy. Should recede after pregnancy
What is a Peripheral Ossifying fibroma? What needs to be done?
Reactive growth of gingiva like Pyogenic granuloma. must be excised all the way down to the periosteum as they recur
What is a Peripheral giant cell granuloma? What should be done?
More bluish/purple than Pyogenic granuloma. Excised.
What is an Aphthous Ulcer? What causes it? What does it look like? What is it associated with?
Canker Sore. Familial disorder. Painful hyperemic ulcerations. GI problems
What is Ludwig Angina? What is the big deal?
Cellulitis that starts in the mouth and rapidly spreads to the throat. This is life threatening through asphyxiation or crushing carotid arteries.