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Musculoskeletal Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the anterior forearm?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi radialis
Pronator teres

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2
Q

What is the innervation of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Ulna nerve

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3
Q

What is the innervation of the palmaris longus?

A

Median nerve

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4
Q

What is the innervation of the flexor carpi radialis

A

Median nerve

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5
Q

What is the innervation of the pronator teres?

A

Median nerve

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6
Q

What is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Flexion and adduction of the wrist

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7
Q

What is the action of the palmaris longus?

A

Flexion of the wrist

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8
Q

What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis?

A

Flexor and abduction of the wrist

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9
Q

What is the action of the pronator teres?

A

Probation of the forearm

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10
Q

What is pronation?

A

Moving palm to face downwards

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11
Q

What muscle is in the intermediate part of the anterior forearm?

A

Flexor digitorium superficialis

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12
Q

What is the action of the flexor digitorium superficialis?

A

Flexes metacarpophalangeal joints, proximal interphalageal joints and flexes the wrist

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13
Q

What is the innervation of the flexor digitorium superficialis?

A

Median nerve

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14
Q

What are the deep muscles of the anterior forearm?

A

Flexor pollicus longus
Flexor digitorium profundus
Pronator quadratus

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15
Q

What is the innervation of the flexor digitorium profundus?

A

Medial half: ulnar nerve

Lateral half: median nerve

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16
Q

What is the innervation of her flexor pollicis longus?

A

Median nerve

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17
Q

What is the innervation of the pronator quadratus?

A

Median nerve

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18
Q

What is the action of the flexor digitorium profundus?

A

Flexes the wrist
Flexes the distal interphalangeal joints
Flexes metacarpophalangeal joints

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19
Q

What is the action of the flexor pollicis longus?

A

Flexes interphalangeal joint and metacarophalangeal joint of the thumb

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20
Q

What is the action of the pronator quadratus?

A

Pronates the forearm

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21
Q

What are superficial muscles of the posterior forearm?

A 
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorium
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
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22
Q

What is the innervation of the brachioradialis muscle?

A

Radial nerve

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23
Q

What is the innervation of the extensor carpi radialis longus?

A

Radial nerve

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24
Q

What is the innervation of the extensor carpi radialis brevis?

A

Radial nerve

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25
What is the innervation of the extensor digitorium?
Radial nerve
26
What is the innervation of the extensor digiti minimi?
Radial nerve
27
What is the innervation of the extensor carpi ulnaris?
Radial nerve
28
What is the action of the brachioradialis muscle?
Flexes the elbow
29
What is the action of the extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus?
Extends and abducts the wrist
30
What is the action of the extensor digitorium?
Extends medial four fingers at MCP and IP joints
31
What is the action of extensor digiti minimi?
Extends the little finger and extension of the wrist
32
What is the action of the extensor carpi ulnaris?
Extension and adduction of the wrist
33
What are the deep muscles of the posterior forearm?
``` Supinator Abductee pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor indicis ```
34
What is the innervation of the supinator?
Radial nerve
35
What is the innervation of the abductor pollicis longus?
Radial nerve
36
What is the innervation of the extensor pollicis longus?
Radial nerve
37
What is the innervation of the extensor pollicis brevis?
Radial nerve
38
What is the innervation of the extensor indicis?
Radial nerve
39
What is the action of the supinator?
Supination of the forearm
40
What is the action of the abductor pollicis longus?
Abducts the thumb
41
What is the action of the extensor pollicis brevis?
Extends the MCP and CM joints of the thumb
42
What is the action of the extensor pollicis longus?
Extends all joints of the thumb - CM, MCP and IP
43
What is the action of the extensor indicis?
Extends the index finger
44
What are the four main groups of muscles in the hand?
Thenar Hypothenar Interossei Lumbricals
45
What are the thenar muscles?
Opponens pollicis Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis
46
What is the innervation of the thenar muscles?
Median nerve
47
What is the action of the opponens pollicis?
Opposes the thumb, by medically rotating and flexing the metacarpal on the trapezium
48
What is the action of the abductor pollicis brevis?
Abducts the thumb
49
What is the action of the flexor pollicis brevis?
Flexes the MCP joint of the thumb
50
What are the hypothenar muscles?
Oppenens digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti mini brevis
51
What is the inversion of the hypothenar muscles?
Ulnar nerve
52
What is the action of the opponens digiti minimi?
Rotates metacarpal of little finger towards palm producing opposition
53
What is the action of abductor digiti minimi?
Abducts the little finger
54
What is the action of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?
Flexes the MCP joint of the little finger
55
What are the Lumbricals muscles?
They are named I, II, III and IV
56
Which of the Lumbricals are unipennate?
I and II
57
Which of the Lumbricals are bipennate?
III and IV
58
What is the innervation of the Lumbricals?
Medial two = ulnar nerve | Lateral two = median nerve
59
What is the action of the Lumbricals?
Flex the MCP joint, extend at IP joints of each finger
60
What are the muscle groups of the interossei muscles?
Dorsal interossei | Palmar interossei
61
What is the innervation of the interossei?
Ulnar nerve
62
What is the function of the dorsal interossei?
Abduction of the fingers at the MCP joint
63
What is the action of the palmar interossei?
Adduction of the fingers at the MCP joint
64
What are the two other muscles of the palm of the hand that do not fit into the thenar or hypothenar groups?
Palmaris brevis | Adductor pollicis
65
What is the innervation of ten palmaris brevis?
Ulnar nerve
66
What is the in creation of the adductor pollicis?
Ulnar nerve
67
What is the action of the palmaris brevis?
Wrinkles the the ski over the hypothenar eminence and deepens the curvature of the hand, improving grip
68
What is the action of the adductor pollicis?
Adduction of the thumb
69
What are the carpal bones in the hand?
``` Scaphoid Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate Triquetrum Pisiform Lunate ```
70
How many carpal bones are there?
8
71
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm
Biceps brachii Coracobrachialis Brachialis
72
What is the action of the biceps brachii?
Supination of the forearm. | It also flexes the arm at the elbow and at the shoulder
73
What is the action of the coracobrachialis?
Flex ion of the arm at the shoulder
74
What is the action of the Brachialis?
Flexion of the arm at the elbow
75
What is the innervation of the biceps brachii?
Musculocutaneous nerve
76
What is the innervation of the coracobrachialis?
Musculocutaneous nerve
77
What is the innervation of the Brachialis muscle?
Musculocutaneous nerve
78
What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm?
Triceps brachii
79
What is the action of the triceps brachii?
Extension of the arm at the elbow
80
What is the innervation of the triceps brachii?
Radial nerve
81
What is the order of components of the Brachial plexus?
``` Roots Trunks Divisions Cords Branches ```
82
What are the roots of the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
83
What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?
Superior Middle Inferior
84
What are the divisions in the brachial plexus?
Anterior and posterior divisions of each trunk
85
What are the names of the cords of the brachial plexus?
Lateral Posterior Medial
86
What are the cords of the brachial plexus named in reference to?
Their position in relation to the axillary artery
87
What is the lateral cord formed from?
The anterior division of the superior trunk | The anterior division of the middle trunk
88
What is the posterior cord formed from?
The posterior divisions of the superior, middle and inferior trunks
89
What is the medial cord formed from?
The anterior cord of the inferior trunk
90
What are the branches of the brachial plexus?
``` Musculocutaneous Axillary Median Radial Ulnar ```
91
What nerve roots form the Musculocutaneous nerve?
C5-C7
92
What roots form the axillary nerve?
C5 and C6
93
What roots form the median nerve?
C6-T1 (sometime includes C5)
94
What roots form the radial nerve?
C5-T1
95
What roots form the ulnar nerve?
C8 and T1
96
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
``` Iliopsoas Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis Sartorius Pectineus ```
97
What is the innervation of the iliopsoas muscle?
Psoas major part - anterior rami of L1-3 | Iliacus part - Femoral nerve
98
What is the innevation of the quadriceps femoralis muscles?
Femoral nerve
99
What is the innervation the sartorius muscle?
Femoral nerve
100
What is the innervation of the pectineus muscle?
Femoral nerve (may receive branch of obturator nerve)
101
What is the action of the iliopsoas muscle?
Flexes lower limb at hop joint | assists in lateral rotation of the hip joint
102
What do the quadriceps femoralis muscles collectively do?
Extend the knee
103
What does the rectus femoris do in addition to extending the knee?
Flexes the leg at the hip joint
104
What is the action of the sartorius muscle?
Flexion, abduction and lateral rotation of the hip joint | Flexion of the knee
105
What is the action of the pectineus muscle?
Adduction and flexion at the hip
106
What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?
``` Adductor magnus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Gracilis Obturator externa ```
107
Whta is the adductor magus innervated by?
Adductor part - Obturator nerve | Hamstring part - Tibial nerve
108
What is the adductor longus innervated by?
Obturator nerve
109
What is the adductor brevis innervated by?
Obturator nerve
110
What is the innervation of the gracilis?
Obturator nerve
111
What is the action of the adductor magnus?
Both parts adduct the thigh, the adductor part also flexes the thigh and the hamstring portion extends the thigh
112
What is the action of the adductor longus?
Adduction and medial rotation of the thigh
113
What is the action of the adductor brevis?
Adduction of the thigh
114
What is the innervation of the obturator externus?
Obturator nerve
115
What is the action of the gracilis?
Adduction of the thigh and flexion of the leg at the knee
116
What is the action of the obturator externa?
Laterally rotates the thigh
117
What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus
118
What is the innervation of the biceps femoris?
Long head - tibial nerve | Short head - common fibular (common peroneal)
119
What is the innervation of the semitendinosus?
Tibial nerve
120
What is the innervation of the semimembranosus?
Tibial nerve
121
What is the action of the biceps femoris?
Flexion of the knee, it also extends the leg at the hip and laterally rotates the hip and knee
122
What is the action of the semitendinosus?
Flexion of the leg at the knee as well as extension of the thigh at the hip and medial rotation at the hip and knee
123
What is the action of the semimembranosus?
Flexion of the leg at the knee, extension of the thigh at the hip, medially rotates the thigh at the hip and knee
124
What are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?
Gluteus maimus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fascia lata
125
What is the innervation of the gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve
126
What is the innervation of the gluteus medius?
Superior gluteal nerve
127
What is the innervation of the gluteus minimus?
Superior gluteal nerve
128
What is the innervation of the tensor fascia lata?
Superior gluteal nerve
129
What is the action of the gluteus maximus?
Main extensor of the thigh Assists with lateral rotation (only used when force is required)
130
What is the action of the gluteus medius?
Abducts and medially rotates the lower limb | It also secures pelvis and prevents the other limb dropping
131
What is the action of the gluteus minimus?
Abducts and medially rotates the lower limb | Also secures the pelvis preventing the other limb dropping
132
What is the action of the tensor fascia lata?
Abduction and medial rotation of the lower limb
133
What are the deep muscles of the gluteal region?
Piriformis Gemelli Obturator internus Quadratus femoris
134
What is the innervation of the piriformis?
Nerve to piriformis
135
what is the innervation of the gemelli?
Superior gemellus - nerve to obturator internus | Inferior gemellus - nerve to quadratus femoris
136
What is the innervation of the obturator internus?
Nerve to the obturator internus
137
What is the innervation of the quadratus femoris?
Nerve to the quadratus femoris
138
What is the action of the piriformis?
Lateral rotation and abduction
139
What is the action of the obturator internus?
Lateral rotaion and abduction
140
What is the action of the gemelli?
Lateral rotation and abduction
141
What is the action of the quadratus femoris?
Lateral rotation
142
What is the main artery supplying the lower limb?
Femoral artery
143
What is the major branch of the femoral artery that supplies the leg?
Profunda femoris
144
What is the arterial supply to the anterior compartment of the leg?
Anterior tibial artery
145
What is the arterial supply to the lateral compartment of the leg?
Peroneal (fibular) artery
146
What is the arterial supply to the posterior compartment of the leg?
Posterior tibial artery
147
What is the arterial supply to the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Femoral artery
148
What is the arterial supply to the medial compartment of the thigh?
Obturator artery
149
What is the arterial supply to the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Inferior gluteal artery Profunda femoris Perforating arteries
150
What is the arterial supply to the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Ulnar artery
151
What is the arterial supply to the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Radial artery Readial recurrent artery Profunda brachii (brachial artery) Posterior interosseus (Ulnar artery)
152
What is the arterial supply to the foot?
``` Dorsalis pedis (continuation of anterior tibial) Posterior tibial ```
153
What are the structures in the femoral triangle? What order are they in?
Femoral nerve Femoral artery Femoral vein Femoral canal (contains deep lymph nodes) Order is lateral to medial - remember NAVEL (E stands for empty space)
154
What is a femoral hernia?
Where part of the bowel pushes into the femoral canal
155
What is contained in the femoral sheath?
Femoral artery Femoral vein Femoral canal (lymph nodes)
156
What are the borders of the femoral triangle?
Superiorly - Inguinal ligament Laterally - Medial border of sartorius Medially - Medial border of adductor longus
157
What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?
Superiomedially - Semimembranosus Superiolateral - Biceps femoris Inferiomedial - Medial head of gastrocnemius Inferiolateral border - Lateral head of the gastrocnemius and plantaris
158
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa? what is their order?
Popliteal artery Popliteal vein Tibial nerve Common peroneal nerve Order - as listed medial to lateral but nerves most superior, then vein, then artery
159
What vein drains into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa?
Small saphenous vein
160
What are the two major superficial veins of the lower limb?
Great saphenous vein | Small saphenous vein
161
What are the borders of the cubital fossa?
Lateral - Medial border of brachioradialis Medial - Lateral border of pronator teres Superior - Imaginary line between medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus
162
What are the contents of the cubital fossa?
Radial nerve (divides into deep and superficial branches) Biceps tendon Brachial artery Median nerve
163
What forms the carpal tunnel?
Carpal arch: Laterally - Scaphoid and trapezium tubercles Medially - Hamate and pisiform Concavity covered by flexor retinaculum
164
What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?
1) Tendon of flexor pollicis longus 2) 4 tendons of flexor digitorium profundus 3) 4 tendons of flexor digitorium superficialis 4) Median nerve
165
What does the median nerve split into in the carpal tunnel?
Recuurent branch - supplies thenar muscles Palmar digital branch - Supplies palmar skin and dorsal nailbeds of the lateral 3 and a half digits. Also supplies the lateral two lumbricals
166
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
When there is compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. Leads to atrophy of thenar muscles and numbness over skin distribution of median nerve
167
What is the axillary artery a continuation of?
Subclavian artery
168
At what point does the axillary artery start?
At level of the first rib
169
Where does the brachial artery begin?
At the margin of the teres major muscle
170
What are the extrinsic muscles of the shoulder?
``` Trapezius Latissimuss dorsi Levator scapulae Rhomboid major Rhomboid minor ```
171
What is the innervation of the trapezius?
Accessory nerve
172
What is the innervation of the latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve
173
What is the innervation of the levator scapulae?
Dorsal scapular nerve
174
What is the innervation of the rhomboids?
Dorsal scapula nerve
175
What is the action of the trapezius?
Upper fibres - elevate the scapula and rotate it during abduction Middle fibres - Retract the scapula Lower fibres - Pull the scapular inferiorly
176
What is the action of the latissimus dorsi?
Extends, adducts and medially rotates the upper limb
177
What is the action of the levator scapulae?
Elevates the scapula
178
What is the action of the rhomboids?
Retract and rotate the scapula
179
What are the intrinsic muscles of the shoulder?
``` Deltoid Teres major Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis ```
180
What is the innervation of the deltoid?
Axillary nerve
181
What is the innervation of the teres major?
Lower subscapular nerve
182
what is the action of the deltoid muscle?
Anterior fibres - flex arm at shoulder Posterior fibres - extend arm at shoulder Middle fibres - abduct the arm above 15 degrees
183
What is the innervation of the supraspinatus?
Suprascapular nerve
184
what is the innervation of the infraspinatus?
Suprascapular nerve
185
What is the innervation of the teres minor?
Axillary nerve
186
What is the innervation of the subscapularis?
Upper and lower subscapular nerves
187
What is the action of the supraspinatus?
Abducts the arm 0-15 degrees, then assits deltoid
188
What is the action of the infraspinatus?
Lateral rotation of the arm
189
What is the action of teres minor?
Lateral (external) rotation of the arm
190
What is the action of the subscapularis?
Medial (internal) rotation of the arm
191
What is the blood supply of the shoulder joint?
Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries Suprascapular artery Scapular circumflex artery
192
What is the blood supply to the anterior compartment of the arm?
Brachial artery
193
What is the blood supply to the posterior compartment of the arm?
Profunda brachii
194
What is the role of the anterior cruciate ligament?
Prevents forward movement of the tibia
195
What is the role of the posterior cruciate ligament?
Prevents backwards movement of the tibia
196
Which meniscus is more likely to get damaged?
Medial meniscus
197
What ligament (s) are tense when the knee is flexed at 90 degrees?
None of them
198
What ligament(s) are flexed when the knee is flexed around 30 degrees?
Anterior cruciate ligament
199
What ligament(s) are flexed when the knee is straight?
All four
200
What are the four ligaments of the knee?
Anterior cruciate ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Medial collateral ligament Lateral collateral ligament
201
Which of the collateral ligaments is in the knee joint capsule?
Medial - lateral is outside so damage can leave rest of the joint normal
202
What are the names of the tarsals of the foot?
``` Talus Calcaneus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiforms ```
203
How are the cuneiforms named?
Lateral Intermediate Medial
204
What are the tarsal bones in the proximal group?
Talus and calcaneus
205
What are the tarsal bones in the intermediate group?
Navicular
206
What are the tarsal bones in the distal group?
Cuboid and cuneiform
207
What rare the structural classifications of joints?
1) Fibrous 2) Cartilagenous 3) Synovial
208
What are the functional classifications of joints?
1) Synarthroses 2) Amphiarthroses 3) Diathroses
209
What is a synarthrose joint?
Immovable joints, mostly fibrous e.g. skull sutures
210
What are amphiarthrose joints?
Slightly moveable joints, mostly cartilgenous e.g. intervertebral discs
211
What are diarthrose joints?
Freely moveable joints, mostly synovial e.g. the hip
212
Where do sutures occur?
Only between the bones of the skull
213
What can synarthrosis joints be split into?
1) Suture 2) Syndesmosis 3) Gomphosis
214
What can amphiarthrosis be split into?
1) Synchondrosis | 2) Symphysis
215
What are syndesmoses?
Where bones are connected by a cord (ligament) or sheet (interosseus membrane) of fibrous tissue
216
What are gomphoses?
A peg-in-socket fibrous joint found only in tooth articulation
217
What are synchondroses?
Bones that are directly connected by hyaline cartilage
218
What are symphyses?
Where the connecting cartilage is a pad or plate of fibrocartilage e.g. intervertebral disc

Phase 1 Cards (13 decks)

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