Muscuoloskeletal System Flashcards
(23 cards)
Axial is which part of the skeleton
skull
sternum
ribs
vertebral column
Common pathologies of bone are
factures osteoporosis arthritis osteomyelitis tumours
Fracture healing process
- rupture of blood vessels causes haematoma which fills the fracture gap
- fibrin meshwork to allow formation of granulation tissue
- inflammatory cells release cytokines to active osteoblast and osteoclast
Facture healing obstacles
- if bones not aligned
- if area not immobilised
- contains dead bone
- infection
What is osteoporosis?
decrease in bone mass and density
Causes of osteoporosis
imbalance between bone resorption and bone production
hormonal influence - lack of oestrogen
calcium metabolism and Vitamin D deficiency
What is arthritis?
Inflammation of a joint
- pain
- stiffness
- swelling
- warmth
- redness erythema
- restricted
Osteoarthritis
Breakdown of articular cartilage
Most common
Age and obesity
Progressive
Weight baring joints
Risk of osteoarthritis
Age Female sex, menopause Obesity Pre-existing joint deformity Mechanical stress Genetic/family Hypermobility
Rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic inflammation leads to cartilage and joint destruction
Affects small joints of hands and feet
Crystal Arthropathies
Gout
Pseudo gout
What is gout?
- Raised uric acid
- Breakdown of purine bases by the enzyme xanthine oxidase
- excreted by kidneys
- urate deposited as crystals in the joints
Causes of gout?
Drugs (aspirin, diuretics) Alcohol Renal disease Hypothyroidism Dehydration
What is Pseudo gout?
Calcium pyrophosphate crystals in connective tissue
common in knees and ankles
What causes “Crystal shedding”?
Crystals in cartilage can enlarge and rupture into a joint cavity or soft tissue
-inflammatory response and synovitis (inflammation of the synovial membrane)
Causes of Pseudo gout
Can be hereditary
Associated with osteoarthritis
Trauma or surgery
Common with inc age
What is septic arthritis?
- Inflammation in joint caused by bacterial infection
- commonly affects the knee
- difficulty in moving the affected joint
Causes severe pain, swelling, redness and heat, high temp
Treatment for septic arthritis?
IV Abx
Washout of joint
Can cause sepsis
What is osteomyelitis?
Bone infection caused by bacteria
Most common bone tumour is
Metastatic disease from a distant cancer
eg prostate, kidney, breast
Benign Bone tumour
osteoid osteoma
Malignant bone tumour
sarcoma
3 types of normal muscle in the body
striated
smooth
cardiac
