What disease is this and what bacteria causes it?
Have a pseudomembrane in the throat that is described as a grayish membrane containing bacteria, host cell debris.
Often see “bull-neck” appearance due to pseudomembrane.
Respiratory diphtheria
Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
What bacteria has these characteristics?
Toxin has an A:B subunit motif that has tissue specificity. It is often referred to as a cardiotoxin. The peptide A of this toxin is an ADP-ribosylating enzyme that ADP-ribosylates EF2 and stops host cell protein synthesis. The synthesis of this toxin is encoded for by lysogenic phage (beta phage).
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
This test tests for protective antibodies.
A negative test is when the dilute toxin is injected intradermally & do not see redness on skin- indicates protective antibody
A positive test see redness, indicating lack of immunity
Schick skin test
Used with corynebacterium diphtheriae
What bacteria is a foot-associated diphtheroid?
Corynebacterium minitissimum
This disease is similar to Athlete’s foot and is not pus-forming. It is diagnosed using Wood’s light when you see it fluorescing coral red. What is the disease and what causes it?
Erythrasma
Corynebacterium minitissimum
With what bacteria do you see tumbling motility at 22 degrees and no motility at 37 degrees?
Listeria monocytogenes
What bacteria is facultative intracellular?
Listeria monocytogenes
What bacteria displays a small zone of beta hemolysis around the colony?
Listeria monocytogenes
This bacteria has virulence factors that include Listeriolysin O which mediates the escape of the organism from the phagosome and is enhanced by low pH. Also an actin tail and internalins which help in its invasiveness.
Listeria monocytogenes
What bacteria is known to be a cause of abortions?
Listeria monocytogenes
What bacteria can cause granulomatosis infantiseptica?
Listeria monocytogenes
What bacteria can cause food poisoning especially with consumption of unpasteurized milk and turkey?
Listeria monocytogenes
This bacteria causes the disease Erysipeloid which is a mild form of cellulitis, which is usually on the hand and can be referred to as whale or seal finger with no pus formation. It can lead to widespread skin infection and can lead to endocarditis, especially in diabetics and transplant patients.
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
This bacteria can be found in nature where nitrogenous wastes are decomposing. Fecal contamination in the environment can infect humans and can be exposed from their occupation such as veterinarians, fishermen, and butchers.
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
This bacteria is an obligate anaerobe, a gram positive rod. It forms endospores. Its spores can be found in the soil, dust, decaying matter, and in vacuum-packed canned goods.
Clostridium botulinum
This bacteria’s toxin is one of the most toxic compounds known. It consists of 8 immunologically different toxins although types A, B, & E commonly cause human disease. The toxins are pre-formed in food and are heat labile and released during cell autolysis. It acts as a neurotoxin & blocks the release of acetylcholine neurotransmitter resulting in flaccid paralysis.
Clostridium botulinum
Botulinum toxin
What toxin is a neurotoxin that blocks the release of acetylchioline and causes flaccid paralysis?
Botulinum toxin of clostridium botulinum
This bacteria causes a form of food poisoning with symptoms including vomiting, nausea, diplopia, dysphagia, & dysphonia. Its later symptoms include respiratory distress & flaccid paralysis.
Clostridium botulinum
This bacteria can lead to SIDS and is also known as Floppy Baby Syndrome. Honey is the most common source of the spores in this case.
Clostridium botulinum
Disease= Infant botulism
This bacteria’s toxins are detected by their lethal effect on cell cultures and use of ELISA.
Clostridium difficile
This bacteria is part of the normal flora in 10% of humans and 75% of neonates. Nosocomial spread is common. It is activated in carriers by changed bacterial balance associated with antibiotic use.
Clostridium difficile
This bacteria has exotoxins A & B. Toxin A is aka TcdA and causes diarrhea & colitis. Toxin B is aka TcdB which is a cytotoxin that kills cells & causes necrosis.
Clostridium difficile
This bacteria causes Antibiotic Associated Colitis (AAC) or “pseudomembranous colitis” which arises a few days after antibiotic treatment. It is a superinfection with symptoms that include bloody diarrhea, fever, & pseudomembrane in colon.
Clostridium difficile
This bacteria exhibits double zone beta hemolysis
Clostridium perfringens
On egg-yolk agar this bacteria is lecithinase positive and form a ring of precipitate of insoluble diglycerides.
Clostridium perfringens
For clostridium perfringens the enterotoxin is associated with what seotpe.
Serotype A
What bacteria causes gas gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens
This bacteria causes Enteritis Necroticans aka Pig-bel… What serotype is it associated with?
Clostridium perfringens
Serotype C
This bacteria has a tennis racket or drumstick appearance
Clostridia tetani
This bacteria has a toxin that blocks the exocytosis of inhibitory transmitters glycine snd GABA which results in spastic paralysis of voluntary muscles.
Clostridia tetani
This bacteria’s toxin tends to be called “lockjaw” because it tends to affect neck & jaw muscles more frequently. (Aka Trismus)
Clostridia tetani
What hemolysin is serologically related to Streptolysin O and what bacteria produces it?
Tetanolysin from clostridia tetani
What is risus sardonicus and with what bacteria do you see this with?
=facial grimace
Seen with clostridium tetani
Is it a good idea to use penicillin for Clostridium tetani?
C. Tetani is sensitive to penicillin but use of penicillin is not recommended because penicillin also inhibits normal release of GABA
Instead can give sedatives and muscle relaxants to minimize spasms
Can also use Baclofen (GABA analog) & GABA agonists
For which bacteria is a test for propionic acid production appropriate?
Propionibacterium acnes
What bacteria grows in acne lesions?
Propionibacterium acnes
Acne vulgaris is caused by which bacterium?
Propionibacterium acnes
This bacteria is described as having medusa head colonies which are waxy and erose.
Bacillus anthracis
This bacteria has a polypeptide capsule composed of poly-gamma-D-glutamic acid (glutamate). The capsule’s overall negative charge is responsible for it being anti-phagocytic.
Bacillus anthracis
This toxin is composed of 3 peptides: edema factor(EF), lethal factor (LF), and protective antigen (PA).
Anthrax toxin of bacillus anthracis
This disease forms a round necrotic black ulcer (eschar). This can lead to bacteremia and release toxin that causes blood to thicken and can be fatal within 4 days.
Cutaneous anthrax by bacillus anthracis
This bacteria causes Woolsorters disease which is pneumonia following inhalation of spores from infected wool. This is rare but rapidly fatal.
Bacillus anthracis
This bacteria is a MOTILE gram positive rod. It is aerobic. Its endospores are metacentric. Its vegetative cells and spores are found in soil, dust, decaying organic matter, rice, and meat.
Bacillus cereus
This bacteria has 2 enterotoxins, Necrotic toxin that is similar to cholera toxin and causes diarrhea & Heat-stable enterotoxin which causes emesis.
Bacillus cereus
This bacteria causes “Chinese Restaurant Syndrome” with Emetic food poisoning and Diarrheal food poisoning.
Bacillus cereus
This bacteria is present in club-shaped pleomorphic rods that are usually in “chinese letter” clumps or palisades
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
This bacteria is beta hemolytic, gram positive, and yellow.
Staphylococcus aureus
This bacteria is catalase positive, coagulase positive, DNase positive, mannitol positive, and tellurite reduction positive.
Staphylococcus aureus
This bacteria has a cytotoxin called beta toxin that has sphingomyelinase activity
Staph aureus
This toxin of staph aureus is the most common involved in classic food poisoning
Toxin A (SEA)
This toxin of staph aureus is a superantigen. It simultaneously binds to MHC class II and specific V-beta regions of TCR, causing excessive release of IL-2 from TH cells and IL-1 from macrophages leading to hypotension, multiple organ involvement, and death.
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST) aka SEF
This bacteria produces exfoliatin toxins that are aka scalded skin syndrome
Staph aureus
This bacteria produces phenol soluble modulins
Staph aureus
More highly produced by community-associated strains of MRSA
This bacteria has beta lactamase, mutant penicillin binding protein,and coagulase as virulence factors
Staph aureus
Coagulase is a virulence factor of staph aureus, what does it do?
Catalyzes the formation of thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin- possibly anti-phagocytic
What protein has protein A as a virulence factor?
Staph aureus
These bacteria have MSCRAMMS as their virulence factors
Staph aureus
Strep pyogenes
This bacteria causes folliculitis which can lead to formation of furuncles and carbuncles.
Staph aureus
This bacteria is the leading cause of impetigo
Staph aureus
This bacteria causes Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (Ritters disease) which is caused by isolates lysogenized by phage group 2. In the lesions with this the bacteria are not likely to be at the site of the skin lesions but elsewhere.
Staph aureus
Toxic shock syndrome is caused by…
Staph aureus
Osteomyelitis is caused by
Staph aureus