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Pathology > Neoplasia I > Flashcards

Neoplasia I Flashcards

1
Q

Define neoplasia

A

disordered cell growth triggered by a series of acquired mutations affecting a single cell and its progeny

uncontrolled clonal proliferation of cells

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2
Q

Two basic types of tumors

A

Benign

Malignant

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3
Q

Characteristics of Benign tumor

A
  • Generally localized (do not invade)
  • well circumscribed cohesive mass
  • Patients tend to live
  • Tend to grow more slowly
  • May or may not have a fibrous capsule
  • Generally end in ‘oma
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4
Q

Characteristics of Malignant Tumors

A
  • Agressive
  • Invade and destroy tissues
  • Poorly demarcated from surrounding tissue
  • Capacity to spread
  • Tend to have more rapid growth
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5
Q

Basic components of all tumors

A
  1. ) Clonal expansion of neoplastic cells (parenchyma)

2. ) Reactive Stroma (blood vessels, immune cells, connective tissue)

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6
Q

Desmoplasia

A

tumor that has abundant connective tissue

described as being rock solid (schirrhous)

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7
Q

Name the general types of Benign tumors

A
  1. ) Adenoma
  2. ) Cystadenoma
  3. ) Papilloma
  4. ) Polyps
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8
Q

Adenoma

A

epithelial tumors in glands or tumors that have a glandular pattern

(Benign)

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9
Q

Cystadenoma

A

adenomas producing large cystic masses - common in the ovaries

(Benign)

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10
Q

Papilloma

A

Epithelial tumors forming gross or macroscopic fingerlike projections

(Benign)

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11
Q

Polyps

A

Tumors with macroscopic projections above the mucosa

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12
Q

General Categories for Malignant tumors

A
  1. ) Carcinomas

2. ) Sarcomas

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13
Q

Difference in origination between carcinomas and sarcomas

A

Carcinomas are of epithelial origin

Sarcomas are of mesynchymal origin

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14
Q

Types of carcinomas

A
  1. ) Squamous Carcinoma
  2. ) Adenocarcinoma
  3. ) Neuroendocrine
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15
Q

Squamous Carcinoma

A

Resembles stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

glandular growth patterns

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17
Q

Tissues impacted by sarcomas

A

connective tissues: bone, muscle, fibrous tissue, fat, blood, lymph vessels

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18
Q

Mixed tumors

A

neoplastic clone of a SINGLE GERM LAYER that differentiates into MORE THAN ONE CELL TYPE

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19
Q

Teratoma

A

Various parenchymal elements representative of MORE THAN ONE GERM LAYER. Arise from totipotent germ cells and differentiate into ANY TISSUE (hair, teeth, etc)

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20
Q

Name two tumor like conditions

A
  1. ) Choristoma

2. ) Hamartoma

21
Q

Choristoma

A

A tumor like condition that results in NORMAL ARCHITECTURE in an ABNORMAL LOCATION. Ectopic rest of non-neoplastic tissue

EX: Gastric fudic mucosa in duodenum

22
Q

Hamartoma

A

A tumor like condition that results in disorganized tissues indigenous to a particular site. LOCATION is NORMAL but ARCHITECTURE is ABNORMAL

23
Q

Dysplasia

A

abnormal tissue organization and cytology that typically pertains to premalignant conditions

24
Q

Characteristics/ features of Dysplasia

A
  • loss of uniformity
  • large dark nucleoli
  • No abnormal morphology
  • No atypical mitotic figures
  • Basement membrane still intact
25
Q

Anaplasia

A

Lack of differentiation in malignant tumors

26
Q

Will a highly anaplastic cell look more or less like its normal counterpart

A

Less

The more anaplastic the cells the less they will look and function like their normal counterparts

27
Q

Factors influencing Tumor growth rate

A
  1. ) Doubling time
  2. ) Percentage of cells proliferating (Growth fraction)
  3. ) Rate of apoptosis (cell shedding)
28
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

Epithelial features of malignancy without invasion or metastatic potential (acquired mutations but has not yet invaded)

29
Q

Metastasis

A

spread to sites discontinuous with original mass

30
Q

Unequivocal marker of malignancy

A

Metastasis

31
Q

Three Routes of Metastasis

A
  1. ) Seeding of body cavities and surfaces
  2. ) Lymphatic Spread
  3. ) Hematogenous spread via vascular canals “tumor emboli”
32
Q

Grading criteria of Malignant neoplasms (6)

A
  1. ) Pleomorphism
  2. ) Nuclear morphology
  3. ) Mitotic Rate
  4. ) Architectural disorder and loss of polarity
  5. ) Presence of tumor giant cells
  6. ) Necrosis
33
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Criteria used in grading malignant neoplasms that looks at the variation in size and shape of cells or nuclei

The more pleomorphic = less differentiated

34
Q

When grading malignant neoplasms on the criteria of nuclear morphology, what do you look for?

A
  • Hyperchromasia
  • Clumped chromatin
  • Prominent nucleoli
  • increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
35
Q

nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio

A

ratio of the size of the nucleus compared to the size of the cell

36
Q

When grading malignant neoplasms on the criteria of Mitotic Rate, what do you look for?

A
  • increased mitotic rate

- presence of atypical mitoses

37
Q

In general, a higher degree of pleomorphism correlates with what?

A

More aggressive, less differentiated neoplasms with a higher grade

(Remember this is not ALWAYS the case)

38
Q

What characteristics are used in the staging of a tumor

A

TNM

  • size
  • Number of lymph nodes
  • Presence of absence of distant metastases
39
Q

Stage I vs Stage IV

A

Stage I = localized, best prognosis

Stage IV= distant metastases, worst prognosis

40
Q

Incidence vs prevalence

A 
Incidence = new cases/ year 
Prevalence = # of cases/ unit population at a given time
41
Q

Most common cancer in US among Males

A
  • Prostate

- Lung

42
Q

Most common cancers in US among Females

A
  • Lung

- Breast

43
Q

Cancers with highest death rates in US among men

A
  • lung

- Prostate

44
Q

Cancers with highest death rate in US among women

A
  • Lung

- Breast

45
Q

Environmental Risk factors for cancer

A
  • infectious agents
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • Diet
  • Obesity
  • Reproductive history
  • Environmental carcinogens
46
Q

Types of environmental carcinogens

A

Chemical (cause DNA damage)

Radiation (ionizing radiation and UV light)

47
Q

Indirect acting agent

A

converted to a carcinogen by endogenous metabolic pathway (CYP450)

48
Q

Direct acting agent

A

no need for conversion into a carcinogen

Pathology (2 decks)

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